The treatment of osseous defects around teeth is a fundamental concern within the field of periodontology. Over the years, the method of grafting has been employed to treat bone defects, underscoring the necessity for custom-designed scaffolds that precisely match the anatomical intricacies of the bone cavity to be filled, preventing the formation of gaps that could allow the regeneration of soft tissues. In order to create such a patient-specific scaffold (bone graft), it is imperative to have a highly detailed 3D representation of the bone defect, so that the resulting scaffold aligns with the ideal anatomical characteristics of the bone defect. In this context, this article implements a workflow for designing 3D models out of patient-specific tissue defects, fabricated as scaffolds with 3D-printing technology and bioabsorbable materials, for the personalized treatment of periodontitis. The workflow is based on 3D modeling of the hard tissues around the periodontal defect (alveolar bone and teeth), scanned from patients with periodontitis. Specifically, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) data were acquired from patients and were used for the reconstruction of the 3D model of the periodontal defect. The final step encompasses the 3D printing of these scaffolds, employing Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology and 3D-bioprinting, with the aim of verifying the design accuracy of the developed methodοlogy. Unlike most existing 3D-printed scaffolds reported in the literature, which are either pre-designed or have a standard structure, this method leads to the creation of highly detailed patient-specific grafts. Greater accuracy and resolution in the macroarchitecture of the scaffolds were achieved during FDM printing compared to bioprinting, with the standard FDM printing profile identified as more suitable in terms of both time and precision. It is easy to follow and has been successfully employed to create 3D models of periodontal defects and 3D-printed scaffolds for three cases of patients, proving its applicability and efficiency in designing and fabricating personalized 3D-printed bone grafts using CBCT data.

Polymeric-based amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) represent a widely employed strategy for enhancing the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, but their successful implementation in solid dosage forms requires careful optimization of both formulation composition and compaction parameters. In this study, the performance of polymeric-based ASD tablets were investigated using two model active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with distinct glass-forming abilities (GFAs) and physicochemical characteristics: (1) indomethacin (IND, a good glass former) and (2) carbamazepine (CBZ, a poor glass former). ASDs were prepared at various API-to-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) ratios (10:90, 20:80 and 40:60 w/w) and incorporated into round-shaped tablets at different ASD loadings (20% and 50% w/w). The impact of compaction pressure and dwell time on the mechanical properties, disintegration, and supersaturation performance was assessed, both immediately after preparation and following three months of storage at 25 °C and 60% relative humidity. Solid-state analysis confirmed the amorphous state of the APIs and revealed the development of API–polymer molecular interactions. Supersaturation studies under non-sink conditions demonstrated that dissolution behavior was strongly influenced by drug loading, polymer content, and compaction conditions, with CBZ formulations exhibiting faster release but greater susceptibility to performance loss during storage. The comparative evaluation of IND and CBZ highlights the critical role of API properties in determining the physical stability and dissolution performance of ASD tablets, underscoring the need for API-specific design strategies in ASD-based formulation development.

Curcumin (Cur), a natural polyphenolic compound with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, faces significant challenges in cosmeceutical applications due to its poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. Nanotechnology offers a promising approach to overcome these limitations and enhance the functionality of cosmetic formulations. In this work, Cur-loaded nanoemulsions (NEs) were developed using a droplet microfluidics technique to enhance Cur’s stability, bioavailability, and permeability for advanced cosmeceuticals. Various oils were screened for Cur solubility, with coconut oil demonstrating the highest capacity. Optimal oil-to-water flow ratios were determined to produce monodisperse NEs with controlled droplet sizes. Characterization via dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed stable NEs with Z-potential values exceeding −30 mV at both room temperature and +4 °C for up to 21 days, indicating strong colloidal stability. Antioxidant activity was evaluated through DPPH assays, while in vitro permeability studies of the drug-loaded NEs after incorporation into suitable hydrogels, using Strat-M^® membranes mimicking human skin, demonstrated significantly enhanced penetration of the encapsulated Cur. In sum, this work highlights the potential of droplet microfluidics as a scalable and precise method for producing high-performance Cur NEs tailored for cosmeceutical applications.

Poor aqueous solubility remains a major limitation for the oral delivery of many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) exhibit remarkable drug-solubilization capacity, yet rapid precipitation upon aqueous dilution can compromise their ability to sustain supersaturation. This study investigates polymer-embedded DES (PEDES) systems as liquid supersaturating drug delivery platforms in which hydration and polymer chemistry jointly govern thermodynamic solubilization and kinetic stabilization. A choline chloride/DL-malic acid DES was prepared with 5% or 15% (w/w) water and combined with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or polyacrylic acid (PAA). Griseofulvin (GRF) was used as a precipitation-prone model drug. Structural characterization (ATR-FTIR, ¹H-NMR), equilibrium solubility measurements, storage stability studies, and non-sink dissolution testing were conducted to elucidate formulation behavior. The DES systems enhanced GRF solubility by up to ~59-fold relative to phosphate buffer (PBS, pH 6.8). Polymer incorporation produced hydration- and concentration-dependent effects. These results suggest the presence of competitive or cooperative interaction regimes. At 5% water, PEDES formulations failed to prevent recrystallization and showed limited supersaturation maintenance. In contrast, PEDES systems containing 15% water exhibited improved stability, with the formulation containing 4% PAA sustaining elevated drug concentrations for 120 min under non-sink conditions. Low-frequency solution-state ¹H-NMR confirmed stronger GRF–PAA interactions relative to PVP, supporting the role of polymer–drug association in supersaturation stabilization. These findings demonstrate that PEDES performance emerges from a hydration-dependent balance between solvent structuring and drug–polymer interactions, highlighting hydration and polymer functionality as key parameters for the rational design of liquid supersaturating systems.