Protein phosphorylation is one of the most important mechanisms to control cellular functions in response to external and endogenous signals. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are universal signaling molecules in eukaryotes that mediate the intracellular transmission of extracellular signals resulting in the induction of appropriate cellular responses. MAPK cascades are composed of four protein kinase modules: MAPKKK kinases (MAPKKKKs), MAPKK kinases (MAPKKKs), MAPK kinases (MAPKKs) and MAPKs. In plants, MAPKs are activated in response to abiotic stresses, wounding, and hormones, and during plant pathogen interactions and cell division. In this report, we performed a complete inventory of MAPK cascades genes in Vitis vinifera, the whole genome of which has been sequenced. By comparison with MAPK, MAPK kinases, MAPK kinase kinases and MAPK kinase kinase kinase kinase members of Arabidopsis thaliana, we revealed the existence of 14 MAPKs, 5 MAPKKs, 62 MAPKKKs, and 7 MAPKKKKs in Vitis vinifera. We identified orthologs of V. vinifera putative MAPKs in different species, and ESTs corresponding to members of MAPK cascades in various tissues. This work represents the first complete inventory of MAPK cascades in V. vinifera and could help elucidate the biological and physiological functions of these proteins in V. vinifera.

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein superfamily constitutes one of the largest protein families known in plants. In this report, we performed a complete inventory of ABC protein genes in Vitis vinifera, the whole genome of which has been sequenced. By comparison with ABC protein members of Arabidopsis thaliana, we identified 135 putative ABC proteins with 1 or 2 NBDs in V. vinifera. Of these, 120 encode intrinsic membrane proteins, and 15 encode proteins missing TMDs. V. vinifera ABC proteins can be divided into 13 subfamilies with 79 “full-size,” 41 “half-size,” and 15 “soluble” putative ABC proteins. The main feature of the Vitis ABC superfamily is the presence of 2 large subfamilies, ABCG (pleiotropic drug resistance and white-brown complex homolog) and ABCC (multidrug resistance-associated protein). We identified orthologs of V. vinifera putative ABC transporters in different species. This work represents the first complete inventory of ABC transporters in V. vinifera. The identification of Vitis ABC transporters and their comparative analysis with the Arabidopsis counterparts revealed a strong conservation between the 2 species. This inventory could help elucidate the biological and physiological functions of these transporters in V. vinifera.

Objective: Scabies, a longstanding public health concern, is a contagious and pruritic skin condition caused by the parasite Sarcoptes scabiei, affecting an estimated 300 million individuals worldwide annually. Recent increases in incidence can be attributed to challenges in accurate diagnosis and instances of treatment resistance. Permethrin, an insecticide belonging to the pyrethroid group, is the primary choice for scabies treatment. However, recent treatment failures suggest the emergence of permethrin resistance. Pyrethroids, widely employed as insecticides over the past three decades, have led to resistance development across various organisms. Pyrethroid acaricides like permethrin target the neuronal voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) protein, crucial for action potential generation in excitable cells. Specific mutations in the VSSC gene have been associated with pyrethroid resistance. Our objective is to elucidate the correlation between treatment failure and pyrethroid resistance stemming from VSSC gene mutations in Sarcoptes scabiei mites responsible for scabies cases in the Sivas region, Türkiye. Methods: In this study, we analyzed 30 scabies cases where initial permethrin treatment proved ineffective. The VSSC gene of scabies mites was partially isolated from genomic DNA to identify potential mutations via DNA sequencing. Results: Results yielded significant insights into the relationship between permethrin resistance and VSSC gene mutations. Notably, 43.3% of mites exhibited mutated VSSC genes. Conclusion: This study represents the first investigation into Vssc-associated permethrin resistance in human scabies. The study highlights the importance of detecting genotypic resistance in 43.3% of phenotypically resistant cases.

Herein we describe the effect of surface chemistry method for rapid, label free and direct electrochemical detection of microbiological diseases in a long amplicon sequence. Electrochemical Impedance Spectrometry (EIS) was used as signal transduction. E. coli amplicon was used as model case. Hybridization detection was performed by using several surface chemistry methods including, adsorbtion, carbodiimide chemistry, self-assemble monolayer (SAM), polypyrrole polymerization, polylysine coating, silane mediated and gold nanoparticles (AuNP) at disposable graphite (DGE) and gold (AuE) electrode surfaces. Designed genosensors’ selectivities and the detection limits were compared to determine optimum pathogen detection. AuNP modified surface was chosen as optimum sensor at the detection limit of E. coli amplicon was 160.3 pM and sensor sensitivity based on Full Match/Non Complementary (FM/NC) ratio of 6.3.