Cellular senescence is a permanent cell cycle arrest that plays a critical role in the development and pathogenesis of age-related diseases. This paper aims to present the biological mechanisms of cellular senescence and the role of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, as well as to discuss therapeutic strategies targeting senescent cells in cardiovascular diseases. Different types of cellular senescence are described, including replicative, stress-induced, and oncogene-induced senescence, along with the composition and regulation of SASP and its impact on chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling, and plaque destabilization. The involvement of senescent endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and macrophages in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis is also discussed. The paper reviews current research on senolytic and senomorphic therapies and highlights emerging approaches such as immunosenolytic and epigenetic interventions. The therapeutic potential of these strategies in reducing chronic vascular inflammation and improving plaque stability, as well as their limitations and challenges in clinical application, is emphasized.

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare, inherited disease with a complex genetic etiology, leading to ciliary dysfunction and impaired mucociliary clearance. This paper presents the current state of knowledge regarding the clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies in PCD. The role of genetic testing, ultrastructural analysis of cilia, and modern methods such as high-speed video microscopy (HSVA), nasal nitric oxide (nNO) measurement, and immunofluorescence is discussed. The importance of a multi-step diagnostic process is emphasized, given the absence of a single test with both high sensitivity and specificity. Current treatment options—including respiratory physiotherapy, infection management, and control of ENT symptoms—are reviewed, alongside new experimental approaches such as gene and mRNA therapies. This paper highlights the need for early diagnosis and comprehensive, interdisciplinary care for patients with PCD.

Neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis, represent a growing health challenge in ageing populations. Among the mechanisms underlying these disorders, increasing attention has been directed toward the role of cellular senescence. This process, triggered by chronic cellular and oxidative stress as well as DNA damage, leads to irreversible cell-cycle arrest and the development of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Within the central nervous system, the accumulation of senescent cells induces chronic inflammation, blood–brain barrier disruption, and progression of neurodegenerative processes. In this review, we present current evidence regarding the mechanisms of cellular senescence in the central nervous system, with particular emphasis on the role of SASP in neuroinflammation, vascular dysfunction, and neural tissue damage. Experimental and clinical data supporting the involvement of cellular senescence in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis are discussed. The review also covers methods for identifying senescent cells in the brain, including molecular marker-based approaches and machine learning-based tools. Importantly, we discuss the methodological limitations of commonly used senescence markers, such as their limited specificity and the risk of false-positive detection, particularly in the heterogeneous cellular environment of the central nervous system. Strategies to improve detection reliability discussed in this review include the use of multimarker signatures, analysis of SASP components using qRT-PCR and ELISA, as well as transcriptomic approaches such as RNA sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing. Furthermore, we analyze therapeutic strategies targeting senescent cells—senolytics, senomorphics, and SASP modulation—together with their limitations and associated clinical challenges. The collected evidence indicates that precise characterization of senescent cell populations in the brain is essential for the development of disease-modifying therapies for neurodegenerative disorders.

Objectives: The aim of this paper is to present current approaches to the diagnosis and management of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), with particular emphasis on precision medicine, phenotyping, and the use of modern diagnostic tools. The study seeks to identify key challenges in optimizing treatment effectiveness and adherence, as well as to highlight the role of individualized therapeutic strategies. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted, focusing on contemporary diagnostic and therapeutic methods in OSA. Particular attention was given to phenotyping approaches, drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE), and the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in clinical decision making. Relevant studies were selected through targeted database searches and analyzed to identify trends and gaps in current practice. Key findings: OSA is a heterogeneous disorder with significant variability in clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment response. Traditional diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are often insufficient to address this complexity. Emerging strategies, including patient phenotyping, DISE, and AI-supported tools, enable more precise identification of disease mechanisms and support personalized treatment selection. These approaches show promise in improving diagnostic accuracy, treatment outcomes, and patient adherence. Conclusions: Effective management of OSA requires a shift toward individualized, data-driven approaches. Advances in precision medicine and AI have the potential to significantly enhance diagnostic processes and therapeutic outcomes. Further research is needed to validate these methods and integrate them into routine clinical practice to improve quality of life in patients with OSA.

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease with a complex pathogenesis that significantly affects patients’ quality of life. Type 2 inflammation plays a dominant role in its course and is associated with the activation of immune pathways involving interleukins IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, eosinophils, and immunoglobulin E. Standard treatment methods, including corticosteroids and surgical interventions, despite their proven efficacy, often fail to provide sustained disease control and are associated with a high rate of recurrence. The aim of this review is not only to summarize the available evidence on biological therapies in CRSwNP, but also to critically evaluate their current position within treatment algorithms, with particular emphasis on patient selection, integration with endoscopic sinus surgery, comparison of available biologic mechanisms, and remaining challenges in personalized treatment strategies. The paper discusses available monoclonal antibodies, such as dupilumab, omalizumab, mepolizumab, and benralizumab, which act by selectively inhibiting key mediators of type 2 inflammation. Analysis of clinical trial results indicates that biological therapies lead to a significant reduction in nasal polyp size, improvement in nasal patency, restoration of olfactory function, and enhancement of quality of life as measured by the SNOT-22 scale. Furthermore, they demonstrate a favourable safety profile and may represent an effective therapeutic option for patients with severe, treatment-resistant disease, particularly in cases with coexisting eosinophilic asthma. Biological therapies represent a breakthrough in the treatment of CRSwNP and align with the concept of personalised medicine. Their role in clinical practice continues to expand; however, further research is required to optimise patient selection and assess long-term treatment outcomes.

Interventional radiology (IR) has reshaped contemporary management strategies for selected gynecological and obstetric disorders by introducing minimally invasive, organ-sparing therapeutic alternatives to conventional surgical approaches. This review examines the current applications of IR in the treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids, pelvic congestion syndrome, placenta accreta spectrum, cesarean scar pregnancy, and selected gynecological malignancies requiring palliative or preoperative embolization. In addition, selected vascular conditions in pregnancy, including visceral and cerebral aneurysms, are discussed due to their high-risk clinical profile and growing relevance for endovascular management. These entities were chosen because of their substantial clinical relevance, risk of severe complications, and the expanding body of evidence supporting endovascular management. Techniques such as uterine artery embolization and ovarian vein embolization are associated with high technical success and meaningful symptom reduction, while simultaneously decreasing hospitalization time, perioperative morbidity, and convalescence compared with traditional surgery. In complex obstetric scenarios—including placenta accreta spectrum and splenic artery aneurysm—prophylactic balloon occlusion and endovascular embolization may significantly limit life-threatening hemorrhage and improve maternal prognosis in appropriately selected patients when implemented within a multidisciplinary setting; for splenic artery aneurysm in particular, this evidence currently derives from case reports and small case series rather than comparative trials. Imaging modalities, including ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and angiography, are integral to diagnosis, patient qualification, procedural planning, and post-intervention monitoring. Although existing data generally confirm the safety and efficacy of interventional techniques, important limitations persist, including heterogeneous study populations, relatively small cohorts, and insufficient long-term reproductive follow-up. Greater standardization of clinical indications and procedural protocols, ongoing technological advancement, and well-designed multicenter trials are required to consolidate the evidence base. In gynecologic oncology, embolization techniques may provide effective hemorrhage control and facilitate surgical treatment in selected patients. In addition, uterine artery embolization has emerged as an important uterus-preserving adjunct in the management of cesarean scar pregnancy, although long-term reproductive (fertility) outcome data remain limited. IR is becoming an increasingly important component of modern gynecological care, supporting individualized, uterus-preserving, and less invasive therapeutic strategies; fertility preservation specifically is an important goal that, for several of the indications discussed, remains incompletely proven by long-term reproductive-outcome data.