The Qinba Mountain Region in southern Shaanxi, China, is both a key ecological barrier and a repository of cultural heritage, yet its traditional villages remain highly vulnerable to natural disasters. Disaster-relocation policies have reduced direct exposure to hazards but also created challenges such as settlement hollowing and weakening of cultural continuity. However, systematic studies on the resilience mechanisms of these villages and a corresponding governance framework remain limited. This study applies social–ecological resilience theory to evaluate the resilience of 57 nationally recognized traditional villages. Using a combination of Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA), the entropy weight method, and the geographical detector model, we construct a three-dimensional evaluation framework encompassing terrain adaptability, hazard exposure, and ecological sensitivity. The results show that the Terrain Adaptability Index (TAI) is the dominant driver of resilience, with an explanatory power of q = 0.61, while the interaction of Hazard Exposure Index (HEI, q = 0.58) and Ecological Sensitivity Index (ESI, q = 0.49) produces a nonlinear enhancement effect, significantly increasing vulnerability. Approximately 83% of villages adopt a “peripheral attachment–core avoidance” strategy, and 57% of high-resilience villages (CRI ≥ 0.85) rely on traditional clan-based networks and drainage systems to offset ecological fragility. Based on these differentiated resilience characteristics, the study proposes a three-tiered governance framework of core protection areas–ecological restoration zones–cultural corridors. While this framework demonstrates broad applicability, its findings are context-specific to the Qinba Mountains. Future studies should apply the model to other mountainous regions and integrate dynamic simulation methods to assess climate change impacts, thereby expanding the generalizability of resilience governance strategies.

Mountainous traditional villages represent unique socio-ecological systems that have evolved through centuries of adaptation to complex topographies and multi-hazard environments. Understanding their terrain–resilience coupling mechanisms is essential for risk-sensitive planning and heritage preservation in mountainous regions. This study integrates multi-source remote sensing data and GIS spatial analysis to investigate 57 national-level traditional villages in the southern Qinba Mountains, China. Using kernel density estimation (KDE), nearest neighbor index (NNI), and Geodetector modeling, we identify the spatial distribution characteristics and topographic driving forces that shape settlement patterns across macro-meso-micro scales. Results reveal that 83% of the villages are clustered in low-mountain and hilly zones (550–1200 m elevation), preferring slopes below 15° and south-facing aspects. Elevation exerts the strongest influence (q = 0.46), followed by slope (q = 0.32) and aspect (q = 0.29), forming a multi-level adaptation framework of “macro-elevation differentiation, meso-slope constraint, and micro-aspect optimization.” Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) further indicates that traditional villages achieve ecological balance and disaster avoidance through adaptive spatial strategies such as terrace-based flood prevention, convex-bank stabilization, and platform-based hazard avoidance. These strategies are not merely topographic preferences but natural adaptation mechanisms formed by long-term responses to multi-hazard environments—dynamic adaptation processes that reduce disaster exposure and optimize resource use efficiency through active adjustment of site selection and spatial transformation (the disaster density in the 100m core zone buffer is 0.077 events/km², significantly lower than 0.290 events/km² in peripheral areas). These findings demonstrate that remote sensing techniques can effectively reveal the terrain–resilience coupling of traditional villages, providing quantitative evidence for integrating spatial resilience into cultural landscape conservation, ecological security assessment, and rural revitalization planning. The proposed multi-scale analytical framework offers a transferable approach for evaluating settlement adaptability and resilience in other mountainous cultural heritage regions worldwide.

The Italian Plan for Cultural Heritage Education identifies in the training related to cultural heritage the possibility of contributing to the cultural and social improvement of the life of every person, also developing, through a conscious use, the sense of belonging to one or more cultures and territory. Given these potentialities, the document reveals a lack of responses to training needs and underlines how the launch of educational courses that put school and university in synergy in the places of culture are among the priorities to be achieved in the period 2016-2018. The Italian Digital School Plan also stresses the importance of a renewed educational approach and effort to promote heritage and provides that all students are offered courses on the digital management of Cultural Heritage. The interest in the heritage, after all, is identified by European policies as part of the right of every citizen to freely participate in cultural life. The ScAR (School Activates Resources) project, aims to respond to these requests with an experimental and methodologically innovative action, set in a context rich in critical issues and on a fragile and ScARcely recognized heritage such as that of a part of the Milanese urban periphery. The aim of the project is to promote the shared knowledge of the latent urban patrimony and increase, especially in young people, the sense of belonging to the neighbourhoods, the sense of active citizenship and the responsibility in the common good’s care. Another priority is to provide schools with tools for educational innovation, inclusion, and technological update, to limit early school leaving.

Traditional rural settlements face challenges such as external disaster disturbances and increasing morphological vulnerability during the modernization process. Analyzing the morphological resilience of settlements and their external disturbances is crucial for enhancing the sustainable development of traditional villages. This study constructs a “cell–chain–form” framework for evaluating the morphological resilience of rural settlements, based on three biological models. It systematically analyzes the static morphological resilience performance of several typical villages in southern Shaanxi and identifies disturbance factors within the dynamic real-world context. The research methodology includes the use of GIS spatial analysis to calculate resilience indices, hierarchical analysis (AHP) for calculating disturbance indices, and GIS natural break methods for initial classification of resilience. Furthermore, structured questionnaires and SPSS27.0 statistical software were used to assess disturbance factors, followed by the proposal of classification strategies. The results show the following: (1) The construction of the “cell–chain–form” research framework from a bionic perspective provides strong explanatory power for morphological resilience assessment, validating the potential of this research paradigm; (2) Significant differences in morphological resilience were found across sample villages in terms of building layout (“cell”), road network systems (“chain”), and boundary morphology (“form”), with disturbance impacts varying by village; (3) Combining index calculations and questionnaire analysis, it was found that, overall, policy, ecological, and economic disturbance factors have a significantly greater impact than social and cultural factors, with the former serving as the main driving forces and the latter playing an auxiliary role. This study provides a new bionic perspective and theoretical support for strategies aimed at improving the morphological resilience of rural settlements, and offers new insights and methodologies for future research on sustainable rural development.