Magnesium and magnesium alloys have great application potential in the field of orthopaedics. Compared with traditional inorganic nonmetallic materials and medical polymer materials, magnesium alloys have many advantages, such as better strength, toughness, fatigue resistance, and easy processing. Its mechanical properties are suitable and controllable. It can meet the same elastic modulus, cell compatibility, and biodegradability as human cortical bone. There are also some drawbacks for biodegradability, as magnesium and its alloys, with their high degradation rate, can cause insufficient integrity of the mechanical properties. This paper summarises the research on magnesium and its magnesium alloy materials in the field of bone implantation, looking at what magnesium and its magnesium alloys are, the history of magnesium alloys in bone implant materials, the manufacturing of magnesium alloys, the mechanical properties of magnesium alloys, the bio-compatibility and clinical applications of magnesium alloys, the shortcomings, and the progress of research in recent years.

Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) can exhibit different properties in different situations, such as non-emission and highly fluorescent in the dissolved state of the molecule and in the aggregate or solid state, respectively. This property of AIE is distinguished from aggregation-induced quenching (ACQ) or even the opposite. Combining the AIE phenomenon with different polymers yields different polymers with corresponding AIE properties. In this paper, the mechanism, synthesis, branching and application of AIE in the fields of optoelectronic functional materials, sensors, biology, and environment are reviewed. It is hoped that this review will stimulate more research on molecular aggregates and promote further cross-fertilisation and greater development in the disciplines of materials, chemistry and biomedicine.

As osteoarthritis is a common disease in elderly people and large cartilage defects can only be treated by joint replacement surgery, a scaffold is seen as a potential treatment that could help patients to delay or avoid surgery. An ideal scaffold should have similar properties to the surrounding tissues. Thus, for different levels of OA, patients with different bone properties should use different scaffold structures with different mechanical or biological properties. In this paper five structures (A–E) are designed for young OA patients or patients with good bone mechanical properties, middle-age OA patients with weak bone mechanical properties or patients with little osteoporosis, and elderly OA patients who have severer OA and osteoporosis who are not able to perform normal activities. And these five scaffold structures are 3D-printed by an EOS machine with Ti6Al4V powder and evaluated by experiments based on a biomechanical bioreactor simulating the human knee joint and simulation through ANSYS. Structure D with a solid thick beam in the middle has the highest loading force, which is 3707.835 N, and structure E, composed of the polyhedron with the highest specific surface area, has the lowest loading force, which is 1837.402 N. Structures A, B, and C are intended for young OA patients or patients with good bone mechanical properties. Structures D and E are designed for patients who need to avoid or delay joint replacement surgery.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic joint disorder, which is characterized by cartilage deterioration and joint function impairment. Recent studies suggest that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) methylation is important for OA development. In this study, we analyzed transcriptomic data (GSE55235) to identify differentially expressed genes using ssGSEA, WGCNA, protein interaction networks, and machine learning. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses examined 182 biological processes. CALML4 and MXRA5 were identified as candidate key genes through bioinformatics analysis. Immune infiltration analysis revealed that CALML4 correlated with MXRA5 and Treg enrichment. MiRNA-single nucleotide polymorphism-gene network analysis revealed 6 SNPs associated with CALML4 and 58 miRNAs. Valproic acid exhibited the highest correlation with CALML4. RT-qPCR validation confirmed a statistically significant expression difference for MXRA5 between the OA and control groups, but not for CALML4. The discrepancy between bioinformatics predictions and clinical validation indicates that CALML4 should be considered a candidate key gene, rather than a validated key gene. At the transcriptomic level, this study suggested that mtDNA methylation-related alterations might be involved in OA and identified CALML4 and MXRA5 as candidate OA-related genes requiring further validation. Of these, differential MXRA5 expression received preliminary support from RT-qPCR in a small sample, whereas the clinical diagnostic value of both genes still requires validation in large independent cohorts.