Its rising incidence, virulence factors and antibiotic resistance rate makes it difficult to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. The aim of this study was to compare virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis (CF) and other lower respiratory tract infections. Isolates from patients (n=125) were divided into two groups. The isolates in the first group were from CF patients (n=64). And in the other group isolates were from lower respiratory tract samples, from patients that did not have CF (n=61). The antibiotic susceptibility tests were done by using disc diffusion method. As phenotypic tests; DNase, protease, elastase, hemolysis, and motility test were performed. The mucoid form of P. aeruginosa was detected in 29.7% of CF patients’ isolates, whereas in the other group (non-CF) this rate was 9.8% (p=0.011). Motility in the CF patients’ isolates was lower (84.4%) then the other group (96.7%). The presence of DNase was significantly low in CF patients’ isolates when compared to the other group (p=0.009). When the antibiotic resistance was compared; ceftazidime, imipenem and meropenem and piperacillin resistance was found significantly low in CF patients compared to isolates from the other group (p≤0.05). Information about virulence factor patterns and antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis and the patients without cystic fibrosis can prevent the unnecessary usage of antibiotics and lead the way to new approaches in treatment.

Purpose/Aim: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Multiple genetic factors, environmental exposures, micro-aspirations secondary to gastroesophageal reflux, age, sex, smoking habit, and infections contribute to its etiology; consequently, its pathogenesis remains unclear. The homeostasis of gut microbiota, including bacteria, archaea, and fungi, can influence the functions of both the intestine and remote organs. There are still many unknowns regarding the effects and mechanisms of gut microbiota dysbiosis on the development of IPF. In this study, we aimed to characterize the gut microbiota of patients with IPF compared with that of healthy controls. Furthermore, we assessed the effects of antifibrotic drugs on gut dysbiosis. Materials and Methods: This study involved 12 patients with IPF receiving antifibrotic drug therapy, 12 patients with IPF not receiving antifibrotic drug therapy, and 8 healthy controls. The clinical parameters of the patients were recorded, and DNA extracted from stool samples was subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of the V1-V9 hypervariable regions. Results: Campylobacterota species were detected in the patient groups but not in the control group. Staphylococcales and Gemellaceae species were not detected in the IPF groups; however, a significant relationship was observed in the control group. In the IPF groups, Actinobacteria, Bifidobacteriales, Burkholderiales, Bacteroidaceae, Dorea, Fusicatenibacter, and Ruminococcus gauvreauii abundance was low and Enterobacterales, Erysipelotrichaceae, Holdemanella, and Alloprevotella abundance was high compared with those in the control group. When the IPF group using antifibrotic drugs and that not using antifibrotic drugs were compared, only Lachnospiraceae UCG 004 abundance was found to be lower in the patient group receiving antifibrotic drugs. Conclusions: Patients with IPF exhibit higher or lower abundance of certain taxa compared to healthy controls, providing novel perspectives on the pathogenesis and treatment of various illnesses. Examining changes in intestinal microbiota during treatment may guide the clinical strategy for managing adverse effects.

Giardiasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis. In immunocompetent patients the infection is usually self-limited and no treatment may be needed. Immunodeficiency, however, is a predisposing factor for the development of severe Giardia infection. In this report, a case of recurrent giardiasis refractory to nitroimidazoles and nitazoxanides presented. A 28-year-old male patient with hypogammaglobulinemia admitted to our hospital because of chronic diarrhoea. Microscopic examination of stool revealed a high number of Giardia trophozoites and cysts. Treatment with higher doses and a longer course of metronidazole, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ornidazole and albendazole failed. Administration of nitazoxanide, which has been reported to be effective against Giardia duodenalis refractory to nitroimidazoles, was commenced, but his symptoms persisted and stool samples demonstrated Giardia trophozoites and cysts again.

Tr en Amaç: Akut gastroenterit özellikle çocuklarda morbidite ve mortalitenin en önemli nedenlerinden biridir. Su kaynaklı salgınlarda, suyun dışkı ile kirlenmesine bağlı olarak, birden fazla tür etken olarak rol oynayabilmektedir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada, iki haftalık süre içerisinde bulantı, kusma, karın ağrısı ve ishal şikayetleri nedeniyle Şırnak Devlet Hastanesi Acil Servisine başvuran 440 hasta akut gastroenterit ön tanısı ile değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Hastalardan alınan taze dışkı örnekleri parazitolojik inceleme amacıyla nativ-lugol yöntemleriyle incelenmiştir. Bakteriyolojik inceleme için ise dışkı örnekleri Salmonella/Shigella agar ve EMB agara ekilmiştir. Entamoeba histolytica, Rotavirüs ve Adenovirüs tanısı için hızlı tanı kitleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Örneklerin 146’sında (%33.2) bir veya daha fazla sayıda bağırsak paraziti tespit edilmiştir. Bu örneklerin 96’sında (%21,8) Entamoeba histolytica, 44’ünde (%10) Blastocystis türleri, 24’ünde ise (%5,5) Giardia lamblia saptanmıştır. Dışkı örneklerinin 16’sında (%3.6) Rotavirüs pozitif bulunmuştur. Adenovirüs, Salmonella ve Shigella hiçbir örnekte saptanmamıştır. Sonuç: Bu salgının sebebinin kanalizasyon atıklarının içme suyu şebekesi ile karışması ve yeterli su arıtımının sağlanamaması olduğu düşünülmüştür. Bu tarz hastalıkların önlenmesinde, içme suyu arıtımının en iyi şekilde yapılması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Purpose: Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality especially in children. In water-borne outbreaks, more than one infectious agent may act as the cause of the disease due to contamination of water with feces. Material and Methods: We evaluated 440 patients who applied to Şırnak State Hospital Emergency Service in two weeks. Their complaints were; vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea and were pre-diagnosed as gastroentiritis. Fresh stool samples were examined by native-lugol method for parasitological examination. For bacteriological examination stool samples were inoculated on Salmonella/Shigella agar and EMB agar. For Rotavirus, adenovirus and Entamoeba histolytica detection, rapid diagnostic assays were used. Results: We detected one or more intestinal parasites in 146 samples (33.2%). We identified 96 Entamoeba histolytica (21.8%) and 44 Blastocystis (10%), and we found Giardia lamblia in 24 (5.5%) of them. 16 (3.6%) of the stool samples were positive for Rotavirus. In any of the samples neither adenovirus nor Salmonella nor Shigella spp. were detected. Conclusions: The reason for this outbreak may be the pollution of drinking water with sewage water and lack of adequate water purification. In order to prevent such diseases the sterilization of the drinking water appropriately is very crucial.