This work presents the design and analysis of a beam switching antenna for VANET, Wi-Fi, and WiMAX wireless communication systems. The proposed reconfigurable antenna is powered by a coaxial cable and consists of a circular patch, six fish-shaped radiating elements, and a circular planar ground. The antenna was constructed on a Rogers RT5880 substrate. Its dimensions are as follows: 0.81λ₀0.81λ₀0.03λ₀. It performs six reconfigurable operating states, at the same frequency, by controlling the activation and deactivation of six PIN diodes to change the beams direction. A theoretical equivalent circuit model of the antenna is extracted. A progressive analysis of improving the antenna characteristic performances is provided. The bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 9.07 (measured), 9.62 (simulated), and 9.31 (theoretical). The designed antenna has a maximum gain of 9.57dB for all pattern states and a superior efficiency ratio from 85 to 95 over the operating range (5.54GHz6.10GHz). The proposed reconfigurable antenna is fabricated. Measured, simulated, and theoretical results are given and show good agreement, including reflection coefficient (S11) and radiation patterns.

This paper presents the design and development of a reconfigurable circular array antenna capable of producing ten distinct radiation beams, intended for wireless systems in the sub-6 GHz frequency band. The antenna structure is based on four pentagon-shaped radiating elements arranged symmetrically around a central circular patch, which is excited through a coaxial feed. These radiating elements are linked by four circular segments, ensuring mutual coupling for effective operation. A systematic dimensional analysis has been conducted to optimize electromagnetic performance, resulting in a compact and efficient architecture. The beam reconfiguration is achieved through the control of four PIN diodes, which allow the main radiation beam to switch among ten different orientations in the azimuth plane. Specifically, the antenna supports eight directional states, oriented at 45° intervals, and two additional bidirectional states covering opposite directions. A prototype has been fabricated and experimentally validated, confirming the steering capability of ±40° in both the XZ and YZ planes. Performance evaluation shows a maximum gain of 9.29 dBi and efficiency levels ranging from 91% to 97%. Bandwidth varies across states, with 9.72% for S1–S7, 7.45% for S2–S8, and 4.61% for S9–S10. Overall, the proposed design demonstrates optimized bandwidth, gain, efficiency, and complete azimuthal coverage.