Introduction: Worldwide, there has been an increase in the incidence of metabolic syndrome. The search for genetic markers of this syndrome is ongoing. The leptin receptor has recently received attention. One of the polymorphisms (Gln223Arg) is possibly associated with the development of obesity and insulin resistance. However, the results of studies on this polymorphism remain equivocal. Gln223Arg polymorphism has not been studied previously in the Kyrgyz population. Thus, we aimed to investigate the possible association of the Gln223Arg polymorphism of the leptin receptor gene with metabolic syndrome components in the Kyrgyz population.Material and methods: 237 Kyrgyz subjects, aged 35–70 years, were studied. For the analysis anthropometric data, glucose, insulin, lipid spectrum, leptin were obtained. The genotype of the Gln223Arg leptin polymorphism was evaluated using TaqMan real-time PCR.Results: The distribution of genotypes was as follows: Gln223Gln 46.4%, Gln223Arg 40.1%, Arg223Arg 13.5%. In the study no association was found with abdominal obesity, arterial hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia or low-density cholesterol levels. Relationships of Gln223Arg and Arg223Arg genotypes with insulin resistance (p < 0.03) were found. Gln223Arg polymorphism was associated with a higher level of glycemia (5.54 vs. 5.39 mmol/l, p < 0.05) and insulinemia (8.3 vs. 7.1 µIU/ml, p < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that carriers of the Arg223 allele demonstrated a higher risk of insulin resistance (odds ratio (OR) = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.03–3.24; p < 0.03) than carriers of the Gln223 allele.Conclusions: Gln223Arg polymorphism of the leptin receptor gene may be a marker of predisposition to insulin resistance in the Kyrgyz population. Further studies are necessary to confirm these results in populations from other regions.

Breast cancer prevention is an important health issue for women worldwide. In this study, we compared the conventional breast cancer screening exams of mammography and ultrasound with the novel approaches of passive microwave radiometry (MWR) and microRNA (miRNA) analysis. While mammography screening dynamics could be completed in 3–6 months, MWR provided a prediction in a matter of weeks or even days. Moreover, MWR has the potential of being complemented with miRNA diagnostics to further improve its predictive quality. These novel techniques can be used alone or in conjunction with more established techniques to improve early breast cancer diagnosis.

Статья посвящена поражению мышечной системы при новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19). Проведен анализ литературы российских и иностранных исследователей по внелегочным проявлениям COVID-19. Главной мишенью COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) является эндотелий сосудов. Для проникновения в клетки вирус использует рецептор — ангиотензинпревращающий фермент 2 (АПФ2). Показано, что к одной мишени могут присоединиться до трех вирусов. В скелетной мускулатуре также имеется АПФ2. При COVID-19 вовлечение в патологический процесс мышечной системы является предиктором неблагоприятного прогноза. В 20 % случаев среди госпитализированных пациентов COVID-19 выявляются лабораторные признаки повреждения сердечной мышцы. К основным механизмам повреждения мышечной системы при COVID-19 относятся АПФ2-зависимый механизм, степень вирусной нагрузки, цитокиновый шторм, острая гипоксемия и лекарственная токсичность. Поражение мышечной системы при COVID-19 служит дополнительным фактором риска смерти. В представленной работе приводятся сведения о возможных патогенетических механизмах развития миопатии, а также мышечной слабости при COVID-19, протекающие с повышением содержания креатинкиназы крови.

Epigenetics studies processes leading to changes in the activity of genes without changing the DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, are formed during embryonic development, and epigenetic profiles are stably inherited in mitosis, providing cell differentiation and their further fate in the development process. Under the influence of internal and external factors such as metabolic profile, hormones, nutrition, drugs, smoking and stress, epigenetic mechanisms are actively modulated and, in this sense, a lifestyle can significantly affect the epigenome, and consequently, the gene expression profile and function of cells. It is shown that the development and function of cells of both congenital and adaptive immune systems are also regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, and negative epigenetic changes are a distinctive feature of aging and cancer. Given these data, it can be assumed that age-related changes in the profile of epigenetic labels can lead to a decrease in immune function and contribute to an increase in morbidity in the elderly. Therefore, to ensure healthy aging, better understanding of how to avoid epigenetic changes that are associated with aging of the immune system is needed. In this review, we tried to generalize the latest achievements in this field of research and consider the possibility of using them for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases.

A new strain of coronavirus — SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CorOnaVirus-2) has caused an increase in the number of cases and high mortality worldwide. In patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, Corona Virus Disease 19), in addition to lung damage, there is a high risk of developing multiple organ failure. Concomitant cardiovascular diseases are independent risk factors for the development of severe forms of COVID-19. Acute COVID-19 is manifested by polysegmental pneumonia, pulmonary edema, sepsis, atrial or ventricular fibrillation, acute myocardial injury, myocarditis, pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, and various thromboembolic disorders. COVID-19 can provoke chronic damage to the cardiovascular, nephro- and cerebrovascular systems, which worsen the patient's life prognosis. In persons who have undergone COVID-19, in the future, an increase in various cardiovascular complications, disorders of carbohydrate and purine metabolism, etc. can be expected. The article discusses the course and long-term consequences of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) based on the presented case series. The above observations of cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) demonstrate a variety of its clinical manifestations and outcomes, in which, along with damage to the lungs, there are also lesions of the cardiovascular, endocrine and urinary systems. Based on the accumulated experience in the management of patients, it is proposed to distinguish between acute (from 1 to 4 weeks), subacute (from 4 to 12 weeks) and chronic (from 12 weeks or more) forms. The use of this approach in real clinical practice facilitates the work of doctors in the outpatient-polyclinic stage of observation, reducing the social burden of the disease, routing patients, as well as stratification of persons suffering from COVID-19 for the development of pulmonary fibrosis.