Background: Exosomes are small Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) (40-100 nm) secreted by living cells and mediate the transmission of information between cells. The number and contents of exosomes are associated with diseases such as inflammatory diseases, cancer, metabolic diseases and what we are focusing in this passage-female infertility.Objective: This review focused on the role of exosomes in oocyte development, declined ovarian function, PCOS, uterine diseases, endometrial receptivity and fallopian tube dysfunction in the female.Methods: We conducted an extensive search for research articles involving relationships between exosomes and female infertility on the bibliographic database.Results: It has been reported that exosomes can act as a potential therapeutic device to carry cargoes to treat female infertility. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of exosomes in female infertility have not been entirely elucidated. Further researches are needed to explore the etiology and provide evidence for potential clinical treatment.Conclusions: This review systematically summarized the role exosomes play in female infertility and its potential as drug delivery.

This study evaluated the reproductive toxicity and reversibility of gossypol exposure in female Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice using the Targeted Risk Assessment of Environmental Chemicals (TRAEC) framework. Mice treated with gossypol (20 mg/kg/day, 30 days) showed reduced body weight (35.90 ± 3.19 g vs. 30.26 ± 0.91 g, p < 0.001), depletion of primordial follicles (46.2 ± 4.8 vs. 27.5 ± 3.6, p < 0.01), and impaired oocyte maturation, with polar body extrusion decreasing from 65.9% to 22.6% at 60 μM (p < 0.0001). In the human granulosa-like tumor cell line (KGN), apoptosis increased to 91.1% at 20 μg/mL compared with 11.46% in controls (p < 0.0001). Proteomic profiling identified 151 differentially expressed proteins, enriched in steroidogenesis, immune regulation, and mitochondrial metabolism. After one-month withdrawal, partial morphological recovery was observed, but endocrine function remained impaired. The TRAEC risk score of 4.68 classified gossypol as a moderate reproductive toxicant. These findings indicate that gossypol damages ovarian reserve and oocyte competence, with only partial reversibility, highlighting the need for caution in its clinical use.

Objective: This study evaluated the relationship between the number of births and the age at menopause and menopausal syndrome among Chinese women in Gansu. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by a local university from March to November in 2016. A total of 7236 women aged 40–55 years met study eligibility criteria. The modified KMI was used to assess the menopausal syndrome. Cox regression was applied to estimate HR and 95% CI of the relationship between parity and age at menopause. Logistic regression was performed to calculate OR and CI of the effects of birth times on the menopausal syndrome. Outcome measure: The relationship between the parity and the age at menopause and menopausal syndrome in mid-life northwest Chinese women was analyzed. Results: The mean age at menopause was 47.91 ± 3.31 years. The relationships between parity and age at menopause were not significant by applying Cox regression (P = 0.488). Women with nulliparity and more births (3 and ≥4) seemed to have higher risks of moderate and severe menopausal syndrome. In addition, the potential beneficial effects of 1 or 2 births on menopausal syndrome were still observed by applying the multivariable logistic regression analysis, particularly in urogenital symptoms. Conclusions: No obvious relationship was found between parity and age at menopause among Chinese women in Gansu. Women with nulliparity and more births appeared to be at the increased risk of menopause syndrome compared with women with 1 and 2 births. The underlying mechanisms were not assessed and deserved further investigation. Highlight: . The mean age at menopause was lower among Chinese women in Gansu than developed countries and regions. . There is no obvious relationship between parity and age at menopause. . Women with nulliparity and more births (3 and ≥4) appeared to be at the increased risk of menopause syndrome, particularly in urogenital symptoms.

Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are emerging environmental pollutants, but evidence concerning their effects on endometrial injury and adverse pregnancy outcomes remains limited. Therefore, we employed the Targeted Risk Assessment of Environmental Chemicals (TRAEC) strategy to integrate evidence concerning endometrial injury and adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with exposure to MNPs. Following targeted screening, 21 unique studies yielded 24 literature-derived evidence entries. Together with one additional in vitro evidence item from the present study, 25 evidence items were included in the final CES calculation. The available evidence was quantitatively integrated across four predefined TRAEC dimensions: Reliability Scores, Weight of Concentrations, Risk Intensity, and Correlation Scores. Under the tested in vitro conditions, exposure to PS-NPs increased intracellular ROS accumulation, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, promoted apoptosis, and decreased the expression of key endometrial receptivity proteins, namely HOXA10, FOXO1, and ITGB3, in primary human endometrial stromal cells. Based on this combined evidence pool, the final Comprehensive Evidence Score was 7.67, corresponding to a preliminary moderate-risk classification within the predefined TRAEC framework. In summary, the TRAEC strategy provides a structured approach for integrating multi-level evidence and deriving a framework-specific health-risk classification for exposure to MNPs.