The maritime defence settlements of the Ming Dynasty are a key component of China’s military cultural heritage. This study examines the three coastal defence sectors of Fujian by establishing a three-tier evaluation framework utilising GIS spatial analysis and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for quantitative assessment. The findings reveal that the synergy between military outposts significantly enhances overall defence effectiveness, while the independent defence capability of each stronghold is crucial for withstanding external threats. A comprehensive evaluation further indicates that the Fujian central coastal defence sector, characterized by its robust economy and densely distributed fortifications, demonstrates the highest level of defensive performance. By systematically quantifying the defensive performance of Fujian’s maritime defence settlements, this study develops an evaluation model that provides a scientific basis and decision support for value assessment, sustainable conservation, and adaptive reuse of this category of military cultural heritage.

This study used statistical tools to optimise WC/Co/Ni welds and model construction to improve the mechanical properties of coatings by laser cladding. The effect of the parameters on the wear performance of the weld was determined by analysis of variance. In addition, a polynomial model was constructed using the response surface method based on the experimental data of the orthogonal array designed by Taguchi. The experimental results show that there are white initial precipitation carbides and grey areas of WC mixed with Co and Ni compounds, while less wear and less plastic deformation are observed with WC/Co/Ni alloys. By adding Co/Ni alloys, the composite coating extension is seen to have good anti-wear performance. Based on the regression model, a pairwise interaction model was successfully constructed and further modelling of the 3D contour of the wear behaviour was explored. Comparing all the experiments, the predictions of the interaction model were found to be reliable, with an average error of 8.75%. The findings show that there is a very close match between the predicted values of RSM for wear performance and the experimental data, which proves the effectiveness of the Taguchi design-based RSM in improving the mechanical properties of laser cladding.

The aim of this study involved the optimisation of the processes of laser cladding using statistical tools to improve the mechanical properties of the clad WC/Co/Ni deposits and to obtain the required weld for practical applications. The effect of laser cladding parameters on wear properties of welds was determined by using orthogonal array tests and analysis of variance. It was found that Co content, Ni content, laser power and scanning height were significant factors affecting WC/Co/Ni welds. In addition, the significant factor in response surface method was used to construct the response surface model based on the data from the orthogonal array experiment that was designed by Taguchi. The experimental results showed that a look at the microstructural evolution shows that white initially precipitated carbides are present, grey areas are WC mixed with Co and Ni compounds, meanwhile, the wear structure is an internal extension of unmelted WC, with greater plastic deformation in the Co-based alloys, and to a lesser extent in the Ni-based alloys, and even smaller plastic deformation in the WC-Co-Ni alloys. By adding nickel/cobalt alloys, the composite coating extension is seen to have good anti-wear performance. Based on the regression model of the wear by laser cladding, a pairwise interaction model in RSM was developed, which was further deepened to develop a three-dimensional contour pairwise interaction model of the wear behaviour. The results show that the predicted values of the RSM for wear performance are very close to the experimental data, which proves the effectiveness of the Taguchi design-based RSM in improving the mechanical properties of laser cladding.

This study employs a practice-oriented research method, emphasizing practical application rather than laboratory testing, and was conducted in Pingtung County, Taiwan, from 2017 to 2023. The practical results of the five case studies demonstrate that (1) eco-friendly buildings integrating agricultural and fishery waste overcome the obstacles of obtaining building permits and (2) the carbon emissions of exterior walls made of pozzolana are only 44% of those of reinforced concrete. This study contributes to understanding the contemporary characteristics of sustainable buildings and provides directly applicable insights into and suggestions on how buildings can actively utilize local materials.

Cultural heritage spatial patterns reflect both the long-term accumulation of historical resources and their successive recognition within national heritage protection systems. Here, the recognition year specifically refers to the time when a heritage resource was incorporated into the national protection system, rather than the period when the heritage itself was formed. Existing studies have extensively examined heritage distribution and spatiotemporal evolution, but rarely treat successive recognition batches as a time-ordered institutional spatial sequence. Taking four national-level heritage types in Fujian, China—Chinese Traditional Villages (CTVs), National Key Cultural Relic Protection Units (NKCRPUs), National Intangible Cultural Heritage (NICH), and Chinese Historical and Cultural Towns (CHCTs)—this study constructs cumulative recognition spatial sequences from recognition batches and examines overall spatial patterns, cumulative spatial dynamics, and inter-type spatial associations. The results show that: (1) CTVs, NKCRPUs, and NICH exhibit significant clustering, whereas CHCTs do not show a statistically significant departure from random distribution when a common study area is used, with high-density cores mainly concentrated in coastal areas; (2) CTVs and NICH show relatively strong spatial persistence, NKCRPUs transition from early expansion to stable extension, and CHCTs show more pronounced restructuring followed by stabilization, although their small sample size limits the robustness of this result; and (3) spatial associations among heritage types are scale-dependent, with positive associations between CTVs–CHCTs and NKCRPUs–NICH, while other pairs show weaker or more localized associations. A benchmark analysis further shows that the stabilization in later stages is largely consistent with the cumulative design, with only limited evidence for genuine stage-specific spatial adjustment. By transforming recognition batches into time-sequenced spatial data, this study reveals cumulative, expansion, and restructuring processes that static heritage inventories cannot capture, providing a spatial basis for identifying potential cultural heritage clusters and spatially connected heritage combinations, thereby supporting sustainable spatial planning.