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U. Johnson Alengaram
Centre for Innovative Construction Technology (CICT), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

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Journal article
Published: 10 July 2021 in Journal of Building Engineering
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Microbial induced calcite (CaCO3) precipitation (MICP) is a biochemical process that induces calcite precipitation. MICP is considered a solution for remediation of concrete cracks using bio-mineralisation. This study aims to use microalgae as an agent in the healing of micro-cracks. Microalgae were used in cement mortar to induce the formation of calcium carbonate to seal the cracks. Two microalgae species, namely, Spirulina platensis and Synechococcus elongatus, were tested for their characteristics and then incorporated into the cement mortar. The specimens were cured under two different conditions, namely, ambient and water curing. Next, the mechanical properties and crack healing of the cement mortar were examined. The cement mortars that were cured for 28 days in the air and water were subjected to a compressive load of 70 of its maximum threshold load, to induce micro-cracks. Subsequently, the specimens with pre-induced cracks were cured under ambient and water to check for the ability to seal cracks through bio-mineralisation. The effect of replacing cement with 4, 8 and 12% of both species of microalgae were investigated. The results demonstrate that the mortars cured in water have a higher strength compared to the mortars cured in air. The investigation results also reveal that the mortars with S. platensis showed better strength and crack healing compared to mortars with Syn. elongatus. The water cured specimens with 12% S. platensis developed a compressive strength of 72% of the control specimen (100%), compared with 12% Syn. elongatus that exhibited only 36%. The healing potential was evident as the micro-camera images showed the narrowing of the induced cracks on the surface of the mortar after 14 days of water curing. Furthermore, the residual compressive strength of the biotically healed specimens showed 35% of the strength regain with 12% S. platensis as a cement replacement. The formation of crystalline calcium carbonate precipitates in the specimens with S. platensis and Syn. elongatus exhibit an increase in the derivative of calcium ions; the enhancement in the strength of mortar due to the calcium carbonate (crystal) formation, which seals the surface of the crack, was supported by the SEM-EDS and XRD analysis. It was also found that the integration of microalgae into the cement had the effect of self-healing and could potentially improve the future direction of crack healing.

ACS Style

Karthick Srinivas M; U. Johnson Alengaram; Shaliza Ibrahim; Siew Moi Phang; Vejeysri Vello; Hew Kai Jun; Ahmed Mahmoud Alnahhal. Evaluation of crack healing potential of cement mortar incorporated with blue-green microalgae. Journal of Building Engineering 2021, 44, 102958 .

AMA Style

Karthick Srinivas M, U. Johnson Alengaram, Shaliza Ibrahim, Siew Moi Phang, Vejeysri Vello, Hew Kai Jun, Ahmed Mahmoud Alnahhal. Evaluation of crack healing potential of cement mortar incorporated with blue-green microalgae. Journal of Building Engineering. 2021; 44 ():102958.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karthick Srinivas M; U. Johnson Alengaram; Shaliza Ibrahim; Siew Moi Phang; Vejeysri Vello; Hew Kai Jun; Ahmed Mahmoud Alnahhal. 2021. "Evaluation of crack healing potential of cement mortar incorporated with blue-green microalgae." Journal of Building Engineering 44, no. : 102958.

Journal article
Published: 07 June 2021 in Sustainability
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The reactivity effect of calcium carbonate, present in ground oyster shells and limestone filler, on the formation of carboaluminate phases in ground granulated blast furnace slag blended cement pastes was reported in this paper. Six different binary and ternary blended cement pastes were prepared using ground granulated blast furnace slag, ground oyster shells and limestone filler with different replacement levels (from 5 to 35%). The carboaluminate formation was assessed and quantified directly using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and indirectly by following the aluminate phase’s reaction (heat flow) and consumed calcium carbonate using Isothermal Calorimetry (IC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), respectively. Further, the overall reaction degree calculated based on TGA results and the compressive strength were determined to support the findings obtained. The results revealed that the calcium carbonate present in ground oyster shells is more reactive when compared to that present in limestone filler, where more formed hemi- and monocarboaluminate phases were observed in mixtures containing ground oyster shells. An enhancement in compressive strength and overall reaction degree was observed by adding 5% ground oyster shells as cement replacement.

ACS Style

Walid Deboucha; Nassim Sebaibi; Yassine El Mendili; Aurélie Fabien; U. Alengaram; Nordine Leklou; Mahmoud Hamdadou; Alexandra Bourdot; Stéphanie Gascoin. Reactivity Effect of Calcium Carbonate on the Formation of Carboaluminate Phases in Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Blended Cements. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6504 .

AMA Style

Walid Deboucha, Nassim Sebaibi, Yassine El Mendili, Aurélie Fabien, U. Alengaram, Nordine Leklou, Mahmoud Hamdadou, Alexandra Bourdot, Stéphanie Gascoin. Reactivity Effect of Calcium Carbonate on the Formation of Carboaluminate Phases in Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Blended Cements. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6504.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Walid Deboucha; Nassim Sebaibi; Yassine El Mendili; Aurélie Fabien; U. Alengaram; Nordine Leklou; Mahmoud Hamdadou; Alexandra Bourdot; Stéphanie Gascoin. 2021. "Reactivity Effect of Calcium Carbonate on the Formation of Carboaluminate Phases in Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Blended Cements." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6504.

Journal article
Published: 25 May 2021 in Materials
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Reinforced concrete (RC) structures necessitate strengthening for various reasons. These include ageing, deterioration of materials due to environmental effects, trivial initial design and construction, deficiency of maintenance, the advancement of design loads, and functional changes. RC structures strengthening with the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) has been used extensively during the last few decades due to their advantages over steel reinforcement. This paper introduces an experimental approach for flexural strengthening of RC beams with Externally-Side Bonded Reinforcement (E-SBR) using CFRP fabrics. The experimental program comprises eight full-scale RC beams tested under a four-point flexural test up to failure. The parameters investigated include the main tensile steel reinforcing ratio and the width of CFRP fabrics. The experimental outcomes show that an increase in the tensile reinforcement ratio and width of the CFRP laminates enhanced the first cracking and ultimate load-bearing capacities of the strengthened beams up to 141 and 174%, respectively, compared to the control beam. The strengthened RC beams exhibited superior energy absorption capacity, stiffness, and ductile response. The comparison of the experimental and predicted values shows that these two are in good agreement.

ACS Style

Akter Hosen; Fadi Althoey; Mohd Jumaat; U. Alengaram; N. Sulong. Flexural Performance of RC Beams Strengthened with Externally-Side Bonded Reinforcement (E-SBR) Technique Using CFRP Composites. Materials 2021, 14, 2809 .

AMA Style

Akter Hosen, Fadi Althoey, Mohd Jumaat, U. Alengaram, N. Sulong. Flexural Performance of RC Beams Strengthened with Externally-Side Bonded Reinforcement (E-SBR) Technique Using CFRP Composites. Materials. 2021; 14 (11):2809.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Akter Hosen; Fadi Althoey; Mohd Jumaat; U. Alengaram; N. Sulong. 2021. "Flexural Performance of RC Beams Strengthened with Externally-Side Bonded Reinforcement (E-SBR) Technique Using CFRP Composites." Materials 14, no. 11: 2809.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2021 in Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
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Masonry blocks are extremely popular for a wide range of masonry structures around the world. However, the ever-increasing cost of materials and overexploitation of natural resources in the production of blocks pose grave environmental concerns. Three waste materials and industrial by-products from the palm oil and steel industries, namely, palm oil clinker powder (POCP), palm oil clinker (POC), and steel slag sand (SSS), have been utilized to replace cement, coarse aggregate, and fine aggregate in the development of hollow masonry blocks (HMBs). Further, the hardened properties on HMBs such as density, water absorption, and compressive and flexural strengths were investigated. The results indicate that the use of 30% POCP, 50% POC, and 75% SSS, respectively, as the replacement materials for cement, coarse aggregate, and fine aggregate in HMBs produced acceptable engineering and radiation shielding performance. A reduction in CO2 and cost could be envisaged based on the environmental and economic indexes.

ACS Style

Ramappa Ramesh Nayaka; U. Johnson Alengaram; Mohd Zamin Jumaat; Sumiani Yusoff; Reventheran Ganasan. Performance Evaluation of Engineering Properties, Radiation Shielding, and Sustainability of Hollow Masonry Blocks Produced Using a High Volume of Industrial By-Products. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2021, 33, 04021003 .

AMA Style

Ramappa Ramesh Nayaka, U. Johnson Alengaram, Mohd Zamin Jumaat, Sumiani Yusoff, Reventheran Ganasan. Performance Evaluation of Engineering Properties, Radiation Shielding, and Sustainability of Hollow Masonry Blocks Produced Using a High Volume of Industrial By-Products. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2021; 33 (3):04021003.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramappa Ramesh Nayaka; U. Johnson Alengaram; Mohd Zamin Jumaat; Sumiani Yusoff; Reventheran Ganasan. 2021. "Performance Evaluation of Engineering Properties, Radiation Shielding, and Sustainability of Hollow Masonry Blocks Produced Using a High Volume of Industrial By-Products." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 33, no. 3: 04021003.

Journal article
Published: 03 December 2020 in Journal of Building Engineering
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The replacement of conventional ordinary Portland cement with industrial by-products to produce cellular lightweight foamed concrete can have economic and environmental benefits. The performance of using a palm oil industrial by-product, namely, palm oil fuel ash (POFA), as a cement replacement material was investigated with proportions of 10, 20, and 30% to achieve a targeted oven-dry density of 1300 kg/m3. Tests on compressive & splitting tensile strengths, water absorption, porosity, and sorptivity were carried out and analysed. Further, the microstructural analyses through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) were conducted to correlate the test results. Non-destructive tests of ultrasonic pulse velocity and electrical resistivity tests were used for investigating the quality of concrete and corrosion resistivity. The results revealed that a replacement with 20% POFA produced slightly better performance compared to other mixes. A density reduction of about 43% with a replacement of 30% POFA was achieved in the development of non-structural foamed concrete. A reduction in compressive strength was noticed beyond 20% of POFA replacement and this could be attributed to the high amount of LOI, and porous nature of POFA; even though the UPV test results showed the foamed concrete as doubtful quantity the use of POFA as a sustainable material could be envisaged in such non-structural concrete. Furthermore, the SEM images shows the appearance of micro-cracks when 30% POFA was used. Moreover, the XRD results show a slight reduction in the intensity of the peaks of the crystalline phases when a higher quantity of POFA was used.

ACS Style

Ahmed Mahmoud Alnahhal; U. Johnson Alengaram; Sumiani Yusoff; Ramesh Singh; Mohammed K.H. Radwan; Walid Deboucha. Synthesis of sustainable lightweight foamed concrete using palm oil fuel ash as a cement replacement material. Journal of Building Engineering 2020, 35, 102047 .

AMA Style

Ahmed Mahmoud Alnahhal, U. Johnson Alengaram, Sumiani Yusoff, Ramesh Singh, Mohammed K.H. Radwan, Walid Deboucha. Synthesis of sustainable lightweight foamed concrete using palm oil fuel ash as a cement replacement material. Journal of Building Engineering. 2020; 35 ():102047.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmed Mahmoud Alnahhal; U. Johnson Alengaram; Sumiani Yusoff; Ramesh Singh; Mohammed K.H. Radwan; Walid Deboucha. 2020. "Synthesis of sustainable lightweight foamed concrete using palm oil fuel ash as a cement replacement material." Journal of Building Engineering 35, no. : 102047.

Journal article
Published: 29 August 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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As a result of excessive exploitation and the growing need for conventional sand, a potential replacement for sand has never been this vital to preserve the environmental ecology. This paper investigated the performance of palm oil clinker sand (POCS), a local industrial by-product and waste as a whole sand replacement in geopolymer mortar; a total number of 16 mixes were cast by varying the molarity of NaOH and binder. Mechanical properties, durability, and microstructural characteristics were investigated. The novelty of this research lies on the use of sustainable POCS as sand replacement for conventional mining sand; the mix design was carried out using a volume-based approach by employing the specific gravity of the fine aggregates. In addition, with partial replacement of the fly ash (FA) with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as the binder, the need for oven-curing was avoided. Based on the test results, the 28-day compressive strength of 53 MPa was achieved for ambient-cured mix with FA-GGBS (50:50) as binder and replacement of conventional sand with POCS. Geopolymer mortars showed higher resistance to the HCl and magnesium sulfate compared to cement mortar. XRD and EDX analyses showed enhanced formations of Si-O-Si and C-A-S-H bonds in GGBS incorporated mixes, and the presence of calcite mostly in the ambient-cured mixes resulted in stronger mechanical properties.

ACS Style

Pouya Darvish; U. Johnson Alengaram; Yap Soon Poh; Shaliza Ibrahim; Sumiani Yusoff. Performance evaluation of palm oil clinker sand as replacement for conventional sand in geopolymer mortar. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 258, 120352 .

AMA Style

Pouya Darvish, U. Johnson Alengaram, Yap Soon Poh, Shaliza Ibrahim, Sumiani Yusoff. Performance evaluation of palm oil clinker sand as replacement for conventional sand in geopolymer mortar. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 258 ():120352.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pouya Darvish; U. Johnson Alengaram; Yap Soon Poh; Shaliza Ibrahim; Sumiani Yusoff. 2020. "Performance evaluation of palm oil clinker sand as replacement for conventional sand in geopolymer mortar." Construction and Building Materials 258, no. : 120352.

Journal article
Published: 24 July 2020 in Journal of Building Engineering
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Excessive sand exploitation is believed to be one of the main contributors to the lowering of groundwater and the increase in flooding, which results in erosion. It is becoming a scarce resource that presents major issues for the construction industry and a concern for the environment due to its overuse. The current research focused on the total replacement of the conventional sand with a local industrial by-product – palm oil clinker sand – and investigated the engineering properties of the mortar. Due to the porous nature of the clinker, a volume-based procedure was applied using the specific gravity of the materials to design 25 mixes based on the ASTM standard. A flow test, compressive strength, density, water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity tests, and microstructural analyses were performed to investigate the behaviour of the mortars and pastes. Based on the test results, the 28-day compressive strength of palm oil clinker mortar was recorded as being as high as 41 MPa with a 15% reduction in the density compared to that of the control sample with the same paste volume. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that palm oil clinker would enhance the properties of the mortar due to the early-stage strength development of up to 77%. The utilisation of palm oil clinker sand in the mortar contributes to the development of sustainable materials and the preservation of natural sand, and could reduce the price of the mortar by 16%.

ACS Style

Pouya Darvish; U. Johnson Alengaram; Yap Soon Poh; Shaliza Ibrahim; Sumiani Yusoff. Volume based design approach for sustainable palm oil clinker as whole replacement for conventional sand in mortar. Journal of Building Engineering 2020, 32, 101660 .

AMA Style

Pouya Darvish, U. Johnson Alengaram, Yap Soon Poh, Shaliza Ibrahim, Sumiani Yusoff. Volume based design approach for sustainable palm oil clinker as whole replacement for conventional sand in mortar. Journal of Building Engineering. 2020; 32 ():101660.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pouya Darvish; U. Johnson Alengaram; Yap Soon Poh; Shaliza Ibrahim; Sumiani Yusoff. 2020. "Volume based design approach for sustainable palm oil clinker as whole replacement for conventional sand in mortar." Journal of Building Engineering 32, no. : 101660.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2020 in Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
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The present paper analyzes the combination effect of slag and limestone filler on the expansion caused by delayed ettringite formation (DEF). Tests were carried out on heat-cured ternary cement mortars with various replacement levels of cement by both limestone filler and slag (15%, 25%, and 45%). The expansion of heat-cured cement mortars was evaluated and verified by measuring their length change, dynamic elastic modulus, and compressive strength over more than 750 days. The addition of limestone filler and slag to portland cement was found to be beneficial to reducing the expansion caused by DEF. It was found that the use of 10% and 20% slag ternary cements with 5% limestone filler delayed the beginning of the expansion and caused a decrease in the long-term expansion. Meanwhile, the use of 40% slag with 5% limestone filler suppressed the expansion caused by DEF.

ACS Style

Walid Deboucha; Nordine Leklou; Abdelhafid Khelidj; Olivier Plé; U. Johnson Alengaram. Combination Effect of Limestone Filler and Slag on Delayed Ettringite Formation in Heat-Cured Mortar. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2020, 32, 04019365 .

AMA Style

Walid Deboucha, Nordine Leklou, Abdelhafid Khelidj, Olivier Plé, U. Johnson Alengaram. Combination Effect of Limestone Filler and Slag on Delayed Ettringite Formation in Heat-Cured Mortar. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2020; 32 (3):04019365.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Walid Deboucha; Nordine Leklou; Abdelhafid Khelidj; Olivier Plé; U. Johnson Alengaram. 2020. "Combination Effect of Limestone Filler and Slag on Delayed Ettringite Formation in Heat-Cured Mortar." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 32, no. 3: 04019365.

Conference paper
Published: 29 November 2019 in Proceedings of EECE 2020
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Cement masonry units are not considered as sustainable due to consumption of fuel, cement and natural resources and embracing alternatives is mandatory. Geopolymer is a green cementitious material and has excellent mechanical properties, consumes low energy in production and emits less carbon dioxide. The effects of paste volume, proportion of alkaline activator and water/solid ratio were investigated to develop self-standing dry mix of geopolymer hollow block and compared with OPC mix. Factors that require attention in casting geopolymer dry mix are discussed in this article. The optimized mix of geopolymer self-standing dry mix is expected to be found between 30 and 35% of geopolymer paste volume for 7.5% of alkaline dosage and alkaline molar ratio of 1.00.

ACS Style

U. Johnson Alengaram; Iftekhair Ibnul Bashar; Marios Soutsos; Karthick Srinivas; Daniel Kong; Arreshvhina Narayanan; Ooi Jieun Lin; P. S. Khoo; Abhey Gupta; William Doherty. Low Carbon Geopolymer Hollow Block—Mix Design, Casting and Strength Comparison with OPC Hollow Block. Proceedings of EECE 2020 2019, 959 -971.

AMA Style

U. Johnson Alengaram, Iftekhair Ibnul Bashar, Marios Soutsos, Karthick Srinivas, Daniel Kong, Arreshvhina Narayanan, Ooi Jieun Lin, P. S. Khoo, Abhey Gupta, William Doherty. Low Carbon Geopolymer Hollow Block—Mix Design, Casting and Strength Comparison with OPC Hollow Block. Proceedings of EECE 2020. 2019; ():959-971.

Chicago/Turabian Style

U. Johnson Alengaram; Iftekhair Ibnul Bashar; Marios Soutsos; Karthick Srinivas; Daniel Kong; Arreshvhina Narayanan; Ooi Jieun Lin; P. S. Khoo; Abhey Gupta; William Doherty. 2019. "Low Carbon Geopolymer Hollow Block—Mix Design, Casting and Strength Comparison with OPC Hollow Block." Proceedings of EECE 2020 , no. : 959-971.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2019 in Construction and Building Materials
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ACS Style

Akter Hosen; Mohd Zamin Jumaat; U.Johnson Alengaram; Nor Hafizah Ramli Sulong; Belal Alsubari. Sustainable palm oil fuel ash mortar used as partial adhesive replacement in flexurally strengthened RC beams. Construction and Building Materials 2019, 226, 507 -523.

AMA Style

Akter Hosen, Mohd Zamin Jumaat, U.Johnson Alengaram, Nor Hafizah Ramli Sulong, Belal Alsubari. Sustainable palm oil fuel ash mortar used as partial adhesive replacement in flexurally strengthened RC beams. Construction and Building Materials. 2019; 226 ():507-523.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Akter Hosen; Mohd Zamin Jumaat; U.Johnson Alengaram; Nor Hafizah Ramli Sulong; Belal Alsubari. 2019. "Sustainable palm oil fuel ash mortar used as partial adhesive replacement in flexurally strengthened RC beams." Construction and Building Materials 226, no. : 507-523.

Retraction note
Published: 07 December 2018 in Energy Efficiency
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ACS Style

Sareh Naji; Shahaboddin Shamshirband; Hamed Basser; U. Johnson Alengaram; Mohd Zamin Jumaat; Mohsen Amirmojahedi. Retraction Note: Soft computing methodologies for estimation of energy consumption in buildings with different envelope parameters. Energy Efficiency 2018, 12, 827 -827.

AMA Style

Sareh Naji, Shahaboddin Shamshirband, Hamed Basser, U. Johnson Alengaram, Mohd Zamin Jumaat, Mohsen Amirmojahedi. Retraction Note: Soft computing methodologies for estimation of energy consumption in buildings with different envelope parameters. Energy Efficiency. 2018; 12 (3):827-827.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sareh Naji; Shahaboddin Shamshirband; Hamed Basser; U. Johnson Alengaram; Mohd Zamin Jumaat; Mohsen Amirmojahedi. 2018. "Retraction Note: Soft computing methodologies for estimation of energy consumption in buildings with different envelope parameters." Energy Efficiency 12, no. 3: 827-827.

Conference paper
Published: 08 November 2018 in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
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The manufacture of cement leads to almost 5 to 7% of the total production of carbon dioxide which causes greenhouse effect. So, it is vital to replace the ordinary Portland cement by the other binders which have the similar or better properties than cement. Besides, the recent interests on the palm oil industrial wastes in the development of mortar led to research works on usefulness of these wastes in construction materials. The palm oil industry produces many wastes such as oil palm shell, palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and palm oil clinker powder (POCP). In this research work, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of different binder contents, and water-binder (w/b) ratio on the development of mortars. Conventional ordinary Portland cement was replaced with 40% of POCP and the total binder contents of 450, 500 and 550 kg/m3 with w/b ratios of 0.45, 0.35 and 0.32 used. The properties of mortars were evaluated for fresh and hardened properties; XRD characteristic was also studied. Test results showed that the strength of mortar specimens improved as the binder content increased with subsequent decrease in w/b ratio. POCP mortar specimens with binder content of 550kg/m3 with cement replacement of 40% produced 28-day compressive strength of 45.3 MPa, compared to 65.12 MPa for control cement mortar (CM). The value of flow diameter of 40% replacement of POCP mortar was 108.51 mm and this was 16.6% lower compared to control mortar. Though POCP based mortar produced a strength reduction of about 36.6%, its usefulness in achieving acceptable strength and sustainable aspect of reducing 40% of conventional cement could be considered significant.

ACS Style

Mathialagan Sumesh; U Johnson Alengaram; Ramappa Ramesh Nayaka. Effect of binder content and water-binder ratio in mortar developed using partial replacement of cement with palm oil clinker powder. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2018, 431, 082007 .

AMA Style

Mathialagan Sumesh, U Johnson Alengaram, Ramappa Ramesh Nayaka. Effect of binder content and water-binder ratio in mortar developed using partial replacement of cement with palm oil clinker powder. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018; 431 (8):082007.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mathialagan Sumesh; U Johnson Alengaram; Ramappa Ramesh Nayaka. 2018. "Effect of binder content and water-binder ratio in mortar developed using partial replacement of cement with palm oil clinker powder." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 431, no. 8: 082007.

Conference paper
Published: 08 November 2018 in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
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Masonry and rendering mortars are is well known oldest techniques in the building. A common idea is to use strong material as possible, and as a result mortars are often rich in cement. Not only this is unnecessary expensive, it has also technical disadvantages and harmful to environment. Hence, in this study focuses on utilisation of palm oil mills waste, namely palm oil clinker powder (POCP) and POCP influences on the fresh and mechanical properties of masonry mortars are analysed and comparison between cement – lime (CLM) and masonry cement mortar (MCM) are addressed. The masonry mortars were prepared using cement – lime and masonry cement as control masonry mortars christened as type 'S' mortar. The POCP used as cement replacement material in the masonry mortar mixture from 0-80% by volume in the preliminary study and ideal replacement of 40% was used in the final mixture of mortar for comparison. All specimens were cured in water and air curing regimes for 7, 28 and 56 days and the physical and mechanical properties were analysed. The results show that as replacement of cement with POCP increases, there is a reduction in fresh density with subsequent increase in air content. Further, the use of masonry cement with POCP (MCP) shows highly workable mix even at lower w/cm ratio compared to cement-lime mortar with POCP (CLP). Moreover, CLM, CLP obtained higher strength (28 & 20 MPa) than MCM and MCP (24 MPa & 11 MPa). on the contrary, the cement-lime mortar with POCP shows higher compressive strength compared to masonry mortar prepared with masonry cement-POCP.

ACS Style

Ramappa Ramesh Nayaka; U Johnson Alengaram; Mohd Zamin Jumaat; Sumiani Binti Yusoff; Mathialagan Sumesh. Influence of palm oil clinker powder on the fresh and mechanical properties of masonry mortars. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2018, 431, 082002 .

AMA Style

Ramappa Ramesh Nayaka, U Johnson Alengaram, Mohd Zamin Jumaat, Sumiani Binti Yusoff, Mathialagan Sumesh. Influence of palm oil clinker powder on the fresh and mechanical properties of masonry mortars. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018; 431 (8):082002.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramappa Ramesh Nayaka; U Johnson Alengaram; Mohd Zamin Jumaat; Sumiani Binti Yusoff; Mathialagan Sumesh. 2018. "Influence of palm oil clinker powder on the fresh and mechanical properties of masonry mortars." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 431, no. 8: 082002.

Journal article
Published: 19 September 2018 in Construction and Building Materials
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The use of eco-efficient building materials in construction has become a trend in regard to the effort of mitigating the effect of global warming which include CO2 emission, energy demand, and natural resources depletion that lead to negative environmental impacts. The present study was attempts to investigate the microstructure behaviour and durability performance of masonry mortars. In this context, palm oil clinker powder (POCP) was utilised to replace cement up to 80%, while the incinerated bottom ash aggregates (IBAA) was utilised to replace mining sand up to 100%. Eventually, further investigation was carried out on the durability performance through water absorption, sorptivity, sulphate attack, and electrical resistivity on the ideal mixtures of 40% of POCP (CLP) and IBAA with 50% (CLPI50) & 100% (CLPI) mixtures. As a result, irregular shape of POCP particles in SEM and the presence of high silica in POCP were observed to produce the peaks of portlandite as well as early occurrence of calcite. In this case, IBAA particles have angular, while porous microstructure in SEM and the XRD results showed high peaks of quartz and calcite. The final mixes containing CLP, CLPI50, and CLPI respectively obtained 51, 56, and 61% of 28-day compressive strength of control mix (CL) that was greater than the requisite 12.4 MPa. On another note, the mix- CLP showed better durability performance (6% water absorption, 84 mm/100 cm2 of IRA) compared to CLPI50 (7%, 89 mm/100 cm2), while the drying shrinkage performance of CLP possessed similar trend to that of the CL (0.064%). Finally, the mix CLP managed to produce extremely good electrical resistivity.

ACS Style

Ramesh Nayaka; U. Johnson Alengaram; Mohd Zamin Jumaat; Sumiani Binti Yusoff. Microstructural investigation and durability performance of high volume industrial by-products-based masonry mortars. Construction and Building Materials 2018, 189, 906 -923.

AMA Style

Ramesh Nayaka, U. Johnson Alengaram, Mohd Zamin Jumaat, Sumiani Binti Yusoff. Microstructural investigation and durability performance of high volume industrial by-products-based masonry mortars. Construction and Building Materials. 2018; 189 ():906-923.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramesh Nayaka; U. Johnson Alengaram; Mohd Zamin Jumaat; Sumiani Binti Yusoff. 2018. "Microstructural investigation and durability performance of high volume industrial by-products-based masonry mortars." Construction and Building Materials 189, no. : 906-923.

Article
Published: 18 September 2018 in Sādhanā
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This research describes the properties of acrylic fibre-reinforced cementitious composite containing high-volume fly ash. In this investigation, the fly ash content (30% and 60%) and the acrylic fibre dosage (0%, 1% and 2%) were varied. Increased content of fly ash in the composite was found to be able to partially compensate the reduction in workability caused by the inclusion of fibres. On the other hand, although the use of fibres had minimal influence on the compressive strength, the fibres could significantly enhance the flexural strength of the composite, particularly in the composite containing higher fly ash content. At elevated temperatures, it was found that the inclusion of acrylic fibres was beneficial in the composite with higher fly ash content, as demonstrated by the increased strength retention and reduced spalling damage at elevated temperature.

ACS Style

Kim Hung Mo; Zhi Pin Loh; Chee Ghuan Tan; U Johnson Alengaram; Soon Poh Yap. Behaviour of fibre-reinforced cementitious composite containing high-volume fly ash at elevated temperatures. Sādhanā 2018, 43, 177 .

AMA Style

Kim Hung Mo, Zhi Pin Loh, Chee Ghuan Tan, U Johnson Alengaram, Soon Poh Yap. Behaviour of fibre-reinforced cementitious composite containing high-volume fly ash at elevated temperatures. Sādhanā. 2018; 43 (11):177.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim Hung Mo; Zhi Pin Loh; Chee Ghuan Tan; U Johnson Alengaram; Soon Poh Yap. 2018. "Behaviour of fibre-reinforced cementitious composite containing high-volume fly ash at elevated temperatures." Sādhanā 43, no. 11: 177.

Review
Published: 01 September 2018 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Solid waste produced from construction and demolition activities amount to several million tons globally, and one of the prominent wastes is brick waste. In recent years, there have been increasing number of researches carried out on recycling brick wastes to produce a more eco-friendly concrete. This review summarizes the usage of brick waste as potential partial cement and aggregate replacement materials whereby the performance in terms of the mechanical strengths and some durability-related properties of the concrete were discussed. It was found that the most feasible usage of recycled brick is in the form of brick dust, whereby up to 20% cement replacement could enhance the strength and some durability properties of the concrete due to the potential pozzolanic reactivity of the brick dust particles. On the other hand, the inclusion of recycled brick as aggregate does not give profound improvement of the properties of concrete as it is governed by the inherent porous nature of the aggregate. Hence, the use of recycled brick as partial aggregate substitute should be confined to low volume replacement levels and when environmental consideration necessitates its usage.

ACS Style

Chee Lum Wong; Kim Hung Mo; Soon Poh Yap; U. Johnson Alengaram; Tung-Chai Ling. Potential use of brick waste as alternate concrete-making materials: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018, 195, 226 -239.

AMA Style

Chee Lum Wong, Kim Hung Mo, Soon Poh Yap, U. Johnson Alengaram, Tung-Chai Ling. Potential use of brick waste as alternate concrete-making materials: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018; 195 ():226-239.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chee Lum Wong; Kim Hung Mo; Soon Poh Yap; U. Johnson Alengaram; Tung-Chai Ling. 2018. "Potential use of brick waste as alternate concrete-making materials: A review." Journal of Cleaner Production 195, no. : 226-239.

Journal article
Published: 28 August 2018 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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This paper presents an experimental investigation on the durability properties and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of concrete developed using waste products. The concrete comprised of recycled concrete aggregate (RA) as a complete coarse aggregate replacement. In addition, rice husk ash (RHA), palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and palm oil clinker powder (POCP) were used as replacement materials for cement at levels up to 30%. The supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) were used in RA concrete with the aim of reducing the dependency on cement as a stand-alone binder. The compressive strength, water absorption, chloride-ion penetration and electrical resistivity were investigated for RA concrete containing SCMs. Moreover, the residual compressive strength was also examined along with the weight loss to check the elevated temperature resistance of RA concrete with SCMs. The results revealed that the use of 30% RHA as SCM produced the highest compressive strength efficiency of 0.143 MPa/kg cement among all mixes at the age of 90 days. In addition, a significant enhancement was observed for the durability-related properties at later ages, although the engineering properties of RA concrete containing SCMs was low at the age of 28 days. The thermogravimetric (TG) analysis indicated that the RHA is more effective as a pozzolanic additive than POFA and POCP. The CO2 emissions from RA concrete were reduced by approximately 29% when it was incorporated with 30% SCM, where the eco-strength efficiency showed the highest values at 20% cement replacement level of 20%.

ACS Style

Mohammed Fouad Alnahhal; U. Johnson Alengaram; Mohd Zamin Jumaat; Fuad Abutaha; Mamoun A. Alqedra; Ramesh Nayaka. Assessment on engineering properties and CO2 emissions of recycled aggregate concrete incorporating waste products as supplements to Portland cement. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018, 203, 822 -835.

AMA Style

Mohammed Fouad Alnahhal, U. Johnson Alengaram, Mohd Zamin Jumaat, Fuad Abutaha, Mamoun A. Alqedra, Ramesh Nayaka. Assessment on engineering properties and CO2 emissions of recycled aggregate concrete incorporating waste products as supplements to Portland cement. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018; 203 ():822-835.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammed Fouad Alnahhal; U. Johnson Alengaram; Mohd Zamin Jumaat; Fuad Abutaha; Mamoun A. Alqedra; Ramesh Nayaka. 2018. "Assessment on engineering properties and CO2 emissions of recycled aggregate concrete incorporating waste products as supplements to Portland cement." Journal of Cleaner Production 203, no. : 822-835.

Original article
Published: 20 August 2018 in Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures
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The externally bonded (EB) and the near-surface mounted (NSM) are two well-known methods for strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) beams. Both methods are unfortunately prone to fail prematurely through debonding when the amount of strengthening reinforcement provided is high. In response to this, a hybrid method that combines the EB and NSM method was introduced. The method allows the amount of reinforcement needed for EB and NSM methods to be reduced; this, in theory, should lower the interfacial stresses, thus reducing the possibility of debonding failures. While debonding failure can be prevented, certain amounts of debonding would still occur through the interfacial crack (IC) debonding mechanism which can affect the strength and stiffness of hybrid strengthened beams even if it does not directly cause failure. This paper presents a method to simulate IC debonding of hybrid strengthened beams using the moment-rotation approach. The proposed method allows a better prediction of maximum load and stiffness of the beams. The method is also less dependent on empirical formulations compared to the commonly used moment-curvature approach; this allows the method to be applicable to all material and shape of hybrid strengthening reinforcement, assuming correct material models are used. The proposed method was then used to perform parametric studies; among the important findings is the length of IC debonding tend to increase when FRP sheet with higher elastic modulus is used, thus negating most of the benefit from the higher modulus.

ACS Style

Ahmad Azim Shukri; Mohd Fazaulnizam Shamsudin; Zainah Ibrahim; U. Johnson Alengaram; Huzaifa Hashim. Simulating Intermediate Crack Debonding on RC Beams Strengthened with Hybrid Methods. Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 2018, 15, 1 .

AMA Style

Ahmad Azim Shukri, Mohd Fazaulnizam Shamsudin, Zainah Ibrahim, U. Johnson Alengaram, Huzaifa Hashim. Simulating Intermediate Crack Debonding on RC Beams Strengthened with Hybrid Methods. Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures. 2018; 15 (9):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad Azim Shukri; Mohd Fazaulnizam Shamsudin; Zainah Ibrahim; U. Johnson Alengaram; Huzaifa Hashim. 2018. "Simulating Intermediate Crack Debonding on RC Beams Strengthened with Hybrid Methods." Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 15, no. 9: 1.

Review
Published: 26 July 2018 in Construction and Building Materials
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The utmost priority in reducing the usage of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) while replicating the cementitious properties by utilizing industrial by-products in construction materials is seriously undertaken by many researchers. The technology of geopolymerization that utilizes materials and activator solution to form geopolymer matrix could lead to alleviate some of the issues related to OPC based concrete. Numerous experiments have established that geopolymer concrete has higher compressive strength, higher acid resistivity and lower shrinkage than ordinary concrete. This review article focusses on the microstructure analyses of the geopolymer specimens and comparison of geopolymers with various binders. The review analysis of various binders used and their microstructural investigations reveal that different molarity of sodium hydroxide or phosphoric acid solution, liquid-to-binder ratio, curing temperature and duration yield geopolymers of diverse properties. Most of the geopolymer products revealed a wide hump in the XRD analysis due to the amorphous structure of aluminosilicate. Investigation of MIP and Micro CT reveals that aged geopolymer has a denser matrix arrangement and produce high compressive strength. Geopolymerization prevents interconnectivity of micropores due to the formation of denser matrix of geopolymer gel. Generally, the use of 12M of sodium hydroxide solution, low liquid-to-binder ratio of about 0.4 and curing temperature at approximately 70 °C for at least 24 h produced high strength geopolymers. The binders mixed with lower sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide mass ratio of 2.0–2.5 tend to react more efficiently.

ACS Style

Connie Ng; U. Johnson Alengaram; Leong Sing Wong; Kim Hung Mo; Mohd Zamin Jumaat; S. Ramesh. A review on microstructural study and compressive strength of geopolymer mortar, paste and concrete. Construction and Building Materials 2018, 186, 550 -576.

AMA Style

Connie Ng, U. Johnson Alengaram, Leong Sing Wong, Kim Hung Mo, Mohd Zamin Jumaat, S. Ramesh. A review on microstructural study and compressive strength of geopolymer mortar, paste and concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2018; 186 ():550-576.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Connie Ng; U. Johnson Alengaram; Leong Sing Wong; Kim Hung Mo; Mohd Zamin Jumaat; S. Ramesh. 2018. "A review on microstructural study and compressive strength of geopolymer mortar, paste and concrete." Construction and Building Materials 186, no. : 550-576.

Journal article
Published: 25 July 2018 in Ceramics International
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The effect of various amounts of copper oxide (CuO) up to 1 wt% on the densification behaviour and mechanical properties of 3 mol% yttria-tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) were studied by using microwave (MW) sintering method. The MW sintering was performed at temperatures between 1100 °C and 1400 °C, with a heating rate of 30 °C/min. and holding time of 5 min. The beneficial effect of MW in enhancing densification was also compared for the undoped and 0.2 wt% CuO-doped Y-TZP when subjected to conventional sintering (CS) method. The results showed that significant enhancement in the relative density and Vickers hardness were observed for the undoped Y-TZP when MW-sintered between 1100 °C to 1250 °C. It was revealed that the 0.2 wt% CuO-doped Y-TZP and MW sintered at 1250–1300 °C could attain ≥ 99.8% of theoretical density, Vickers hardness of about 14.4 GPa, fracture toughness of 7.8 MPam1/2 and exhibited fine equiaxed tetragonal grain size of below 0.25 μm. In contrast, the addition of 1 wt% CuO was detrimental and the samples exhibited about 50% monoclinic phase upon sintering coupled with poor bulk density and mechanical properties. The study also revealed that the addition of 0.2 wt% CuO and subjected to conventional sintering produced similar densification as that obtained for microwave sintering, thus indicating that the dopant played a more significant role than the sintering method.

ACS Style

S. Ramesh; K.Y. Sara Lee; C.Y. Tan; Y.H. Wong; U. Johnson Alengaram; Faris Tarlochan; W.D. Teng; U. Sutharsini; Ahmed A.D. Sarhan; S. Ramesh. Effect of microwave sintering on the properties of copper oxide doped Y-TZP ceramics. Ceramics International 2018, 44, 19639 -19645.

AMA Style

S. Ramesh, K.Y. Sara Lee, C.Y. Tan, Y.H. Wong, U. Johnson Alengaram, Faris Tarlochan, W.D. Teng, U. Sutharsini, Ahmed A.D. Sarhan, S. Ramesh. Effect of microwave sintering on the properties of copper oxide doped Y-TZP ceramics. Ceramics International. 2018; 44 (16):19639-19645.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Ramesh; K.Y. Sara Lee; C.Y. Tan; Y.H. Wong; U. Johnson Alengaram; Faris Tarlochan; W.D. Teng; U. Sutharsini; Ahmed A.D. Sarhan; S. Ramesh. 2018. "Effect of microwave sintering on the properties of copper oxide doped Y-TZP ceramics." Ceramics International 44, no. 16: 19639-19645.