The purpose of the study was to develop an SNEDDS to improve the solubility and bioavailability of pitavastatin. The solubility of pitavastatin in different oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants was determined and a pseudo-ternary phase diagram was constructed. The SNEDDS was characterized by zeta-sizer, zeta-potential, FTIR, DSC, and TGA. Release and permeation of pitavastatin from the SNEDDS was studied for 12 and 24 h, respectively. The lipolysis test, RBC lysis, effect on lipid profile, and pharmacokinetics were studied. The SPC3 formulation showed a 104 ± 1.50 nm particle size, a 0.198 polydispersity index (PDI), and a –29 zeta potential. FTIR, DSC, and TGA showed the chemical compatibility and thermal stability. The release and permeation of pitavastatin from SPC3 was 88.5 ± 2.5% and 96%, respectively. In the lipolysis test, the digestion of SPC3 yielded a high amount of pitavastatin and showed little RBC lysis. The lipid profile suggested that after 35 days of administration of the SNEDDS, there was a marked decrease in TC, LDL, and triglyceride levels. The SNEDDS of SPC3 showed an 86% viability of Caco-2 cells. Pharmacokinetics of SPC3 showed improved values of C_max, T_max, half-life, MRT, AUC, and AUMC compared to the reference formulation. Our study demonstrated that the SNEDDS effectively enhanced the solubility and bioavailability of a BCS class II drug.

Complications of diabetic foot can be prevented using a naturally occurring, efficient, and newly synthesized antimicrobial agent. The purpose of the study was to improve wound healing and antibacterial effects of quercetin and its esterified complex with 4-formyl phenyl boronic acid (4FPBA-Q) compared with phenytoin. The formation of the 4FPBA-Q complex was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (MS). The prepared 4FPBA-Q complex was used against Gram-positive bacteria along with Gram-negative bacteria, and more than 2-fold decrease in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) was observed compared to pure quercetin. Scanning electron microscopic images of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus showed their complete destruction after incubation with the 4FPBA-Q complex even after 3 h. Interestingly, wound-healing properties of the 4FPBA-Q complex in infected diabetic rats increased from 64 to 99% as compared to phenytoin, which were increased from those of noninfected diabetic rats. Furthermore, histopathological evaluations showed significantly enhanced wound healing, re-epithelialization, fibroblasts, and angiogenesis in wounds of diabetic rats after 10 days. Conclusively, reduction in the primary irritation index (PDII) and improved antibacterial and wound-healing properties render the 4FPBA-Q complex ideal for diabetic foot ulcer treatment.