Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum (SG) has two distinct biovars, Pullorum and Gallinarum. They are bacterial pathogens that exhibit host specificity for poultry and aquatic birds, causing severe systemic diseases known as fowl typhoid (FT) and Pullorum disease (PD), respectively. The virulence mechanisms of biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum are multifactorial, involving a variety of genes and pathways that contribute to their pathogenicity. In addition, these serovars have developed resistance to various antimicrobial agents, leading to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Due to their economic and public health significance, rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective control and prevention of these diseases. Conventional methods, such as bacterial culture and serological tests, have been used for screening and diagnosis. However, molecular-based methods are becoming increasingly important due to their rapidity, high sensitivity, and specificity, opening new horizons for the development of innovative approaches to control FT and PD. The aim of this review is to highlight the current state of knowledge on biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum, emphasizing the importance of continued research into their pathogenesis, drug resistance and diagnosis to better understand and control these pathogens in poultry farms.

Four aromatic and therapeutic plants, Thymus vulgaris, Rosmarinus officinalis, Pimpinella anisum, and Foeniculum vulgare, were examined in this comparative study. The objectives were to assess its phytochemical composition; polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin content; antioxidant and antibacterial activity; bioactive molecule identification; and critical trace element quantification. Its aqueous and organic extracts were examined, focusing on ethanolic extracts. The ethanolic extract’s ability to neutralize free radicals was validated by phytochemical studies and antioxidant tests, underscoring their role in preventing oxidative stress. An Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography—High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Orbitrap Exploris 120 (UPLC–HRMS Orbitrap) was used to identify the bioactive chemicals, and the results showed a variety of compounds having antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The important trace elements found in these plants were also measured using a Graphite Furnace-Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (GF-AAS). These components are essential to the biological characteristics of the plants, especially their antioxidant and antibacterial capacities. Among the aqueous extracts, it was observed that Rosmarinus officinalis and Foeniculum vulgare exhibited a MIC of 3.91 µg/mL against Staphylococcus. Additionally, R. officinalis also demonstrated a MIC of 3.91 µg/mL against Escherichia coli. All of the data were interpreted and shown using principal component analysis. The results were grouped and explained using this statistical method, which revealed a strong association between the abundance of antibacterial and antioxidant chemicals in the four plants under investigation.

Background/Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in poultry-production environments is an important One Health concern. This phenotypic baseline study investigated the detection and antimicrobial-resistance profiles of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. recovered from broiler-farm environmental matrices in the Rabat–Salé–Kénitra region of Morocco. Methods: A cross-sectional field study was conducted in 13 broiler farms on 35 sampling dates between 24 November 2023 and 28 April 2025. A total of 543 samples were collected from poultry manure, drinking troughs, farm soil, soils approximately 200 and 500 m from the poultry houses, and well water. Isolates were identified by culture and API 20E; Salmonella spp. identification was additionally confirmed by real-time PCR. Disk-diffusion results were interpreted using applicable CLSI M100, 31st edition, criteria, and colistin was tested by the colistin broth disk elution MIC method. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was defined as resistance to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial classes. Results: Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were detected in 190/543 (35.0%) and 127/543 (23.4%) samples, respectively. Among E. coli isolates, 115/190 (60.5%) were MDR; the highest matrix-specific proportions occurred in farm soil (85.7%), drinking troughs (83.3%), and poultry manure (75.7%). Among Salmonella spp. isolates, 82/127 (64.6%) were MDR, with the highest proportions in poultry manure (92.9%) and drinking troughs (78.3%). The predominant resistance rates were ampicillin (84.7%), tetracycline (61.6%), and chloramphenicol (55.8%) in E. coli, and nalidixic acid (73.2%), ampicillin (61.4%), and tetracycline (55.9%) in Salmonella spp. Resistant isolates were also detected in surrounding soils and well water; however, the study design did not permit source attribution or inference of transmission direction. Conclusions: Broiler-farm environmental matrices in the study area may represent reservoirs of phenotypically antimicrobial-resistant E. coli and Salmonella spp. The findings provide baseline evidence supporting integrated One Health surveillance, improved biosecurity, manure and litter management, water-system sanitation, and responsible veterinary antimicrobial use. Genomic typing and environmental source-tracking are required to determine persistence and transmission pathways.