The influence of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Colombia's hydrological variables has been shown in different studies. Most of the methodologies implemented have identified linear relationships and have associated the warm (cold) phase called El Niño (La Niña) with negative (positive) rainfall and streamflow anomalies. One of the most adverse impacts founded is the reduction in water supply during the warm phase. Therefore, it is necessary to study the linkage between ENSO and precipitation variability for efficient management of water resources. Consequently, the present paper has two purposes. The first one is to explore nonlinear correlations of the ENSO-precipitation relationship, particularly for specific regions where the freshwater resources have been significantly reduced during El Niño events. The second one is to identify which indices will enable in improving the predictability of hydro-climatological variables. The research was based on the wavelet coherence analysis of monthly precipitation time series from 1981-2016 and the ENSO indices for the same period. The results show that ENSO events influence the precipitation as periods of rainfall deficit or excess. Also, precipitation is organized in bands and that the 2–8-year scales explain most of their variance. The most significant sectors are those that cover El Niño events. In contrast, sectors are smaller when La Niña episodes. Then impacts on precipitation tend to be greater for warm events. Results also allowed to identify that El Niño 3, Niño 3,4, ONI, and BEST indices can be good indicators for forecasting work in these specific places. The use of two kinds of data, one in situ and the other from CHIRPS program, allows to establish the feasibility of using data from satellite origin in regions without enough information; the results showed that CHIRPS data tend to report fewer anomalies than data in situ. However, the coherence structure is similar, but in periods between 36 and 48 months, there were discrepancies of pi/4 in the phase difference, that is, between 3 and 6 months of difference in lags calculated with each database.

Resumen Para estudiar la influencia de las oscilaciones macroclimáticas en la cuenca del río Gachaneca este trabajo estudió la variabilidad de la temperatura mínima, máxima e índices de precipitación estandarizada en la zona de la cuenca durante 1982-2015, y evaluó la relación de estas variables con El Niño Oscilación Sur (ENOS), la Oscilación del Atlántico Norte (OAN) y la Oscilación Cuasi-Bienal (OCB) mediante análisis de correlación canónica. Los porcentajes de varianza más altos explicados por las oscilaciones macroclimáticas en Diciembre-Febrero oscilan entre 34% y 38%, en Marzo-Mayo entre 15% y 20%, en Junio-Agosto entre 15% y 25% y en Septiembre-Noviembre entre 21% y 34%. En todos los casos el ENOS tiene la mayor influencia, seguido por la OAN. Durante DEF el área de estudio está más expuesta a eventos secos que aumentan el riesgo de agotamiento del recurso hídrico debido a la fase cálida del ENOS. La OAN indirectamente puede reforzar o atenuar los eventos de sequía debido a su relación con la magnitud de los vientos Alisios y la variabilidad del Atlántico tropical que tienen repercusión en la posición de la ZCIT y los procesos convectivos de la región.

Urban wetlands provide cultural ecosystem services (CES) that are essential to human well-being. However, their study remains limited in Colombia and across Latin America, particularly in terms of quantitative assessments of CES in urban ecosystems. This research examines the perception and valuation of CES among visitors to three urban wetlands designated as Ramsar sites in Bogotá, Colombia—Santa María del Lago, Juan Amarillo, and Córdoba. We assessed how sociodemographic profiles influence the appreciation and valuation of CES employing a mixed-methods approach that combined structured surveys, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and principal component analysis (PCA). Results revealed notable differences among the wetlands: Santa María del Lago attracts younger visitors and is characterized by strong appreciation for landscape aesthetics and spirituality; Juan Amarillo exhibits a mixed visitor profile with lower appreciation for spirituality; and Córdoba receives older visitors with higher education levels, who prioritize recreation and tourism. HCA and PCA identified distinct visitor segments: “passive visitors,” oriented toward contemplation and learning, and “active visitors,” focused on recreation and tourism. Across all sites, the most valued services were aesthetic appreciation of the landscape and knowledge of nature. This study provides empirical evidence to support the integration of CES into decision-making and environmental policy for urban planning, recommending differentiated governance strategies, targeted environmental education programs, and low-impact tourism initiatives aligned with Ramsar principles and nature-based solutions.

To explore the impacts of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the linear correlation among the indices of each oscillation was investigated. The indices Niño 1+2, Niño 3, Niño 3.4, Niño 4, ONI, SOI, BEST, TNI and MEI were used to represent the ENSO, besides the NAO index. The analysis considers the ENSO diversity in its spatial structure. The results show that when years with Eastern Pacific (EP) La Niña events were omitted, the linear correlation increased concerning other scenarios. This means that NAO responses for the Central Pacific (CP) ENSO tend to be linear, but seemingly they are not so for EP ENSO, which explains why the ENSO/NAO relationship has been difficult to identify and predict. The TNI-NAO relationship had the highest correlation values, followed by NAO-El Niño 4, whilst NAO/El Niño 1+2 and NAO/El Niño 3 showed the lowest coefficients. The results also confirmed that the atmospheric dynamics over the North Atlantic have a more linear teleconnection to the West and Central Pacific than to the Eastern Pacific. Changes in deep convection, atmospheric circulation, and vorticity are discussed like possible mechanisms that trigger the changes in impacts over the North Atlantic and other locations. The composite anomalies map also showed the contrast in the effects of both events and the importance of considering those differences when modeling ocean dynamics.

This study examines relationships between available surface meteorology variables and climatic oscillations using canonical correlation analysis (CCA). The general methodology is explained and applied to three particular cases. Canonical loadings and cross loadings from CCA are evaluated for three meteorological stations located in municipalities of Boyacá and Santander. The tests were carry out using temperature and precipitation data and three climate oscillations the Ocean Niño Index (ONI), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and Quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). The results show the power of this statistical method to identify associations with an acceptable level of confidence using multivariate approach. The analysis reveals relationships mostly between the variables and the ENSO for all cases and a discrete connection with the NAO and QBO. Add climate indices to the group of independent variables increased the explained variance rates between 3 and 7% and therefore contribute to a better understanding of climate dynamics in the country. El análisis de correlación canónica es propuesto como herramienta para relacionar variables meteorológicas de superficie en Colombia y oscilaciones climáticas, de gran escala. El trabajo aporta una metodología, que permite generar conocimientos sobre el clima y mejorar los pronósticos, a largo y mediano plazo. El estudio fue realizado para El Niño Oscilación Sur (ENSO), la Oscilación del Atlántico Norte (NAO), la Oscilación Cuasibienal (QBO) y los valores totales mensuales de precipitación y de temperatura máxima. Las oscilaciones fueron representadas por medio de índices climáticos globales y las variables utilizadas corresponden a tres estaciones meteorológicas, ubicadas en los departamentos de Santander y de Boyacá. Los resultados muestran la potencia de este método estadístico para identificar asociaciones, mediante un enfoque multivariado, donde los índices macroclimáticos actúan como predictores. Las correlaciones y las cargas canónicas encontradas indican una correspondencia, entre las variables y el ciclo ENSO, especialmente, durante diciembrefebrero, en el periodo 1980-2012. Por el contrario, la relación con la NAO y la QBO, es discreta y oscilante.