To promote sustainable wastewater treatment, this study developed an eco-friendly and low-cost ozone catalyst using natural zeolite for the advanced treatment of petrochemical wastewater. The Ca-Cu/zeolite catalyst (0.75 mol/kg Ca and 0.25 mol/kg Cu) demonstrated high efficiency in catalytic ozonation, achieving 55.52% TOC removal under optimized conditions (ozone dosage: 108.0 mg/(L·h), catalyst dosage: 406.0 g/L, reaction time: 90 min). Compared to ozonation alone, the catalyst enhanced oxidation rates by 10 times, promoting ozone decomposition into reactive oxygen species (e.g., OH and ¹O₂) while improving gas–liquid–solid mass transfer for efficient pollutant mineralization. Remarkably, the natural zeolite-based catalyst exhibited superior sustainability: compared to conventional alumina-based catalysts, its production cost (4000–4500 CNY/ton) is 44–53% lower, while its carbon footprint (533.7 kg CO₂/ton) is reduced by 45.4%. This work presents a sustainable, low-carbon, and economically viable catalytic ozonation solution, contributing to the development of green and cost-effective industrial wastewater treatment technologies.