Despite the high diversity of the Southern South American environments, the patterns and processes driving both their species diversity and demographic history are still poorly known and are a challenging task. In this study, we evaluate plastid DNA sequences of the conifer species Araucaria angustifolia aiming to (i) assess the species genetic structure within its main range of occurrence, (ii) infer its population demographic history, looking for evidence of southward expansion, (iii) search for evidence of glacial refugia within the species distribution area and (iv) discuss some conservation and management strategies for this species. Twenty haplotypes were identified, revealing the presence of three distinct genetic groups across the geographic range of the species and structuring the populations into Northern, Central and Southern groups. Our results suggest the occurrence of post-glacial expansion of A. angustifolia towards the south, as well as the existence of at least three refugia within the species occurrence area. Testing the occurrence of historical demographic expansion, we suggest that genetic groups experienced fluctuations in effective size, associated to a structured distribution of populations. The identification of three genetic groups in this study corroborates the proposition of using the geographic distribution of A. angustifolia for selecting in situ conservation areas, for planning seed collection for ex situ conservation, as well as for the delineation of seed zones.

In this study we performed a bibliometric analysis focusing on the general patterns of scientific publications about Cannabis, revealing their trends and limitations. Publications related to Cannabis, released from 1960 to 2017, were retrieved from the Scopus database using six search terms. The search term “Genetics” returned 53.4% of publications, while “forensic genetics” and “traceability” represented 2.3% and 0.1% of the publications, respectively. However, 43.1% of the studies were not directly related to Cannabis and, in some cases, Cannabis was just used as an example in the text. A significant increase in publications was observed after 2001, with most of the publications coming from Europe, followed by North America. Although the term Cannabis was found in the title, abstract, or keywords of 1284 publications, we detected a historical gap in studies on Cannabis. We expect that increasing interest in this issue and the rise of new biotechnological advances will lead to the development of new studies. This study will help scientists identify overall research needs, detect the scientific areas in evidence concerning Cannabis studies, and find excellent centers of investigation for scientific interchange and collaboration.

Erythrina crista-galli is a native tree from South America with an important role on pharmaceutical studies. The objective of this study was to model the ancient and current ecological niches distribution of E. crista-galli in South America, contributing to the discussion about species management and conservation. A reduction in the potential area of species occurrence was detected by comparing past and present distribution. Based on the obtained results, it is expected that this species tends to expand its frontiers if the natural dynamic of the extant populations is guaranteed in southern South America. Therefore, management and conservation of E. crista-galli should focus on allowing the expansion of native forest formations where this species occurs. Additionally, further studies on the medicinal properties of the species may valorize and promote a higher interest in rational exploitation and conservation of E. crista-galli in its natural environment.

Invasive plant species are expected to display high dispersal capacity but low levels of genetic diversity due to the founder effect occurring at each invasion episode. Understanding the history of invasions and the levels of genetic diversity of such species is an important task for planning management and monitoring strategy for these events. Peruvian Peppertree (Schinus molle L.) is a pioneer tree species native from South America which was introduced in North America, Europe and Africa, becoming a threat to these non-native habitats. In this study, we report the discovery and characterization of 17 plastidial (ptSSR) and seven nuclear (nSSR) markers for S. molle based on low-coverage whole-genome sequencing data acquired through next-generation sequencing. The markers were tested in 56 individuals from two natural populations sampled in the Brazilian Caatinga and Pampa biomes. All loci are moderately to highly polymorphic and revealed to be suitable for genetic monitoring of new invasions, for understanding the history of old invasions, as well as for genetic studies of native populations in their natural occurrence range and of orchards established with commercial purposes.

Its natural occurrence in Brazil occurs in the Atlantic Forest biome, more specifically in the ecosystems of Dense Ombrophilous, Semideciduous Seasonal, and Mixed Ombrophilous forests. It can be found in the states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (^{LISBÔA et al., 2011}).