Objective. To determine the relationship between dietary omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) and omega-6 fatty acids (n-6 PUFA) with prostate cancer risk from meta-analysis of prospective studies. Design. The literature retrieved from electronic biomedical databases up to June 2011 was critically appraised. General variance-based method was used to pool the effect estimates at 95% confidence interval. Heterogeneity was assessed by Chi2 and quantified by . Results. Eight cohort studies were included for meta-analysis. n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA, and their derivatives were not significantly associated with risk of prostate cancer in general. A significant negative association between high dietary intake of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and prostate cancer risk (pooled RR: 0.915; 95% CI: 0.849, 0.985; ) was noted. Likewise, a slightly positive association was noted on dietary long-chain n-3 PUFA, composed of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with prostate cancer risk (pooled RR: 1.135; 95% CI: 1.008, 1.278; ); however, when two other cohort studies with data of EPA and DHA, both analyzed separately, were included into the pool, the association became not significant (RR: 1.034; 95% CI: 0.973, 1.096; ). Conclusion. Intake of n-3 PUFA and n-6 PUFA does not significantly affect risk of prostate cancer. High intake of ALA may reduce risk of prostate cancer, while intake of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids does not have a significant effect.

Background:ß3-adrenergic receptor agonists (ß3 agonists) have been used in treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) and neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) in adults. However, its use in children h...

CONTEXT: A high relapse rate after discontinuation of desmopressin treatment of pediatric enuresis is consistently reported. Structured withdrawal strategies have been used to prevent relapse. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of a structured withdrawal strategy of desmopressin on the relapse-free rate for desmopressin responder pediatric enuresis. DATA SOURCES: Systematic literature search up to November 2015 on Medline, Embase, Ovid, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library databases, and related references without language restriction. STUDY SELECTION: Related clinical trials were summarized for systematic review. Randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of structured versus abrupt withdrawal of desmopressin in sustaining relapse-free status in pediatric enuresis were included for meta-analysis. DATA EXTRACTION: Eligible studies were evaluated according to Cochrane Collaboration recommendations. Relapse-free rate was extracted for relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Effect estimates were pooled via the Mantel–Haenszel method with random effect model. RESULTS: Six hundred one abstracts were reviewed. Four randomized controlled trials (total 500 subjects) of adequate methodological quality were included for meta-analysis. Pooled effect estimates compared with the abrupt withdrawal, structured withdrawal results to a significantly better relapse-free rate (pooled RR: 1.38; 95% CI, 1.17–1.63; P = .0001). Subgroup analysis for a dose-dependent structured withdrawal regimen showed a significantly better relapse-free rate (pooled RR: 1.48; 95% CI, 1.21–1.80; P = .0001). LIMITATIONS: The small number of studies included in meta-analysis represents a major limitation. CONCLUSIONS: Structured withdrawal of desmopressin results in better relapse-free rates. Specifically, the dose-dependent structured withdrawal regimen showed significantly better outcomes.