Liposomal formulations, as versatile nanocarrier systems suitable for targeted delivery, have a highly focused role in the therapy development of unmet clinical needs and diagnostic imaging techniques. Formulating nanomedicine with suitable zeta potential is an essential but challenging task. Formulations with a minimum ±30 mV zeta potential are considered stable. The charge of the phospholipid bilayer can be adjusted with membrane additives. The present Quality by Design-derived study aimed to optimise liposomal formulations prepared via the thin-film hydration technique by applying stearylamine (SA) or dicetyl phosphate (DCP) as charge imparting agents. This 3² fractional factorial design-based study determined phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and SA/DCP molar ratios for liposomes with characteristics meeting the formulation requirements. The polynomials describing the effects on the zeta potential were calculated. The optimal molar ratios of the lipids were given as 12.0:5.0:5.0 for the SA-PBS pH 5.6 (optimised sample containing stearylamine) and 8.5:4.5:6.5 for the DCP-PBS pH 5.6 (optimised sample containing dicetyl phosphate) particles hydrated with phosphate-buffered saline pH 5.6. The SA-PBS pH 5.6 liposomes had a vesicle size of 108 ± 15 nm, 0.20 ± 0.04 polydispersity index, and +30.1 ± 1.2 mV zeta potential, while these values were given as 88 ± 14 nm, 0.21 ± 0.02, and −36.7 ± 3.3 mV for the DCP-PBS pH 5.6 vesicles. The prepared liposomes acquired the requirements of the zeta potential for stable formulations.

Metal based catalysts and electrodes are versatile tools known for their redox properties, catalytic efficiency, and stability under various conditions.

Herein, we have successfully synthesized BiVO4 photocatalysts via a simple chemical precipitation method followed by heat treatment at 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C. The samples were characterized by XRD combined with Rietveld refinement, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and UV- vis DRS. XRD results showed that we obtained monoclinic scheelite phase (m-s BiVO4) with I112/b space group. The visible–light photocatalytic activities of BiVO4 -400°C, 500°C, and 600°C for organic dye degradation (MB: methylene blue; MO: and methyl orange) were investigated, and the BiVO4 400°C showed the highest activity in the photodegradation of MB (95%) and MO (80%) after 150 min of visible illumination. The photocatalytic degradation mechanism was proposed based on radical trapping measurements and Mott–Schottky analysis.