The development of modern surgical methods and techniques for treatment of the diseases of the paranasal sinuses and the edentulous ridge of the maxilla requires detailed knowledge of the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the maxillary sinus. The sinus dimensions and volume, thickness of the mucosa, height of the inferior wall and presence of septa and root prominence are important indicators for the pneumatization of the maxillary sinus and have essential role by performing sino-nasal and dental implant surgery. The preliminary assessment of some morphological aspects of the maxillary sinus is essential for the proper diagnosis and treatment of a number of diseases in maxillofacial region, including treatment of the chronic rhinosinusitis and the edentulous ridges of the distal maxilla.

Background: The brachial plexus is the primary nerve source for the upper limb. Variations in its anatomy can alter the nerve supply to the upper extremity. Such deviations are clinically important, as they can change the symptomatology of various pathologic conditions, leading to misdiagnosis, inadequate treatment, and surgical failures as a consequence. Materials and Methods: The upper limbs of 16 human cadavers (32 extremities) were dissected at the Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University–Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Eight cadavers were male and eight female, with age ranging 40–95 years (mean age: 72.63 years). Results: Three variations (18.8%) were identified unilaterally, exclusively in male cadavers; however, no statistically significant sex‐based distribution was observed. The first variation involved a communicating branch between the musculocutaneous nerve and median nerve. The second was a high bifurcation of the radial nerve in the axillary fossa into two divisions. The third one was a communicating branch between the axillary nerve and the radial nerve, forming a loop beneath the subscapular artery. Conclusion: Our study identified greater variability in the branches of the posterior cord compared to the existing literature. These variations must be taken under clinical consideration to prevent diagnostic, therapeutic, and surgical errors.

The anatomy of the external carotid artery and its variations are of ground significance in head and neck surgery. During a dissection of a male cadaver, an undescribed common trunk between superior thyroid, superior laryngeal, and lingual arteries was found. The variations of the anterior cervical branches of the external carotid artery and their clinical implications are discussed. The described unusual branching pattern of the external carotid artery must always be considered in invasive or non-invasive procedures because it may lead to unexpected complications. The anatomy of the external carotid artery and its variations are of ground significance in head and neck surgery. During a dissection of a male cadaver, an undescribed common trunk between superior thyroid, superior laryngeal, and lingual arteries was found. The variations of the anterior cervical branches of the external carotid artery and their clinical implications are discussed. The described unusual branching pattern of the external carotid artery must always be considered in invasive or non-invasive procedures because it may lead to unexpected complications.

Background: The brachial plexus shows frequent anatomical variations that can complicate diagnosis, surgical planning, and anesthetic procedures. Detailed knowledge of these variations is essential to prevent iatrogenic injury and improve clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: Eighteen donors (36 upper limbs) were dissected at Mercer School of Medicine, Columbus, Georgia, United States. The sample included 10 males and 8 females, aged 36–89 years (mean age: 67.67 years). Dissections followed Grant′s Dissector , 17th edition, with all variations in the infraclavicular brachial plexus and its branches in the axillary region and upper arm documented, photographed, and measured. Results: Variations were found in 16 brachial plexuses (44.4%) from nine donors. In total, 32 variations were identified, involving the medial and posterior cords, median, musculocutaneous, ulnar, radial, axillary, lower subscapular, and thoracodorsal nerves. Bilateral variations were more common (77.8%) than unilateral ones (22.2%), often with two to three variants on one side. Several rare or previously undescribed findings were noted, including a median nerve with an accessory lateral root located between the main and aberrant axillary arteries, a rare communication between the medial cord and lateral root of the median nerve, a rare communication between the ulnar and median nerves in the upper arm, bifurcation of the musculocutaneous nerve, trifurcation of the radial nerve, trifurcation of the axillary nerve, posterior division of the axillary nerve passing through the triangular space, posterior division of the axillary nerve supplying both teres minor and teres major, bifurcated axillary nerve accompanied by an accessory subscapularis muscle, accessory thoracodorsal nerve arising from the axillary nerve, and quadfurcation of the posterior cord. Conclusion: Contrary to previous literature, axillary nerve variations were the most common. Bilateral deviations were frequent, often associated with arterial variations. Multiple rare and undescribed patterns identified in this study expand current knowledge of infraclavicular brachial plexus anatomy.

Background: The removable prosthetics is a big part of Prosthetic Dentistry. The prosthetic field is very important for successful treatment with partial or complete dentures. Maxillary bone is covered with soft tissues, but its anatomy is essential for retention, chewing stability and comfort of the patients. \ud Purpose: The study’s aim was to evaluate the dimensions of maxillary bone in specific zones for removable dentures.\ud Methods: Sixteen craniums were measured in 10 different zones. It was used an Electronic Digital Caliper 0-150 mm. \ud Results: Consistently were applied F-test and Welch t-test for equality of variance and group’s comparison mean, respectively. The spread of the data was described by calculating range and standard deviation. The estimated value of range was highest in the FI-A1P, followed by FI-AC and FI-A2P. The smallest amplitude was established in the TM-PP and SNA. The estimated value of standard deviation was 2,57/2,51 in FI-AC zone, 2,46/2,59 in FI-A1P zone and a few smaller 2,08/2,13 in FI-A2P zone. The lowest values were in TM-PP and SNA areas. \ud Conclusion: Tuber maxillae and Spina nasalis anterior have stable dimensions. The areas of canine and premolars are varied, because the zone is tasked by chewing function