In the recent years, the accelerating global demographic shift toward population aging has been accompanied by a marked increase in the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders, notably Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. Among emerging approaches, dietary interventions targeting the gut–brain axis have garnered considerable attention, owing to their potential to modulate key pathogenic pathways underlying neurodegenerative processes. This review synthesizes current concepts in precision nutrition and elucidates neurohumoral, immune, and metabolic regulatory mechanisms mediated by the gut microbiota, including the roles of the vagus nerve, cytokines, short-chain fatty acids, vitamins, polyphenols, and microbial metabolites. Emerging evidence underscores that dysbiotic alterations contribute to compromised barrier integrity, the initiation and perpetuation of neuroinflammatory responses, pathological protein aggregations, and the progressive course of neurodegenerative diseases. Collectively, these insights highlight the gut microbiota as a pivotal target for the development of precision-based dietary strategies in the prevention and mitigation of neurodegenerative disorders. Particular attention is devoted to key bioactive components such as prebiotics, probiotics, psychobiotics, dietary fiber, omega-3 fatty acids, and polyphenols that critically participate in regulating the gut–brain axis. Contemporary evidence on the contribution of the gut microbiota to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis is systematically summarized. The review further discusses the prospects of applying nutrigenomics, chrononutrition, and metagenomic analysis to the development of personalized dietary strategies. The presented findings underscore the potential of integrating precision nutrition with targeted modulation of the gut–brain axis as a multifaceted approach to reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases and preserving cognitive health.

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study is to categorize and combine (according to the source of biomaterial) biomarkers of frailty syndrome and identify challenges in research on these biomarkers by reviewing the current literature from the past five years. Methods: We systematically searching five electronic databases—PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library—for citations from 1 January 2019 to 1 July 2024. We conducted a qualitative data synthesis and categorized the limitations by topics and subtopics. PROSPERO—CRD: 42024491369. Results: A total of 61 papers met the criteria for inclusion in this study. These studies included a total of 56,758 participants, and 1479 unique biomarkers. We categorized biomarkers such as blood, genetic, urinary, and salivary biomarkers. Our analysis identified three major categories of challenges: challenges related to study design, unclear pathophysiological mechanisms, and biomarker-specific challenges. Conclusions: This review underscores the extensive research into biomarkers associated with frailty syndrome, such as blood, genetic, urinary, and salivary biomarkers. However, significant challenges persist, including methodological inconsistencies, biomarker measurement variability, and a limited understanding of underlying mechanisms.

Introduction: Acute kidney injury is a common complication following pediatric heart surgery, and it has been linked to an increased risk of morbidity and fatality. Methods: The PubMed and Medline databases were combed for relevant research until May 2022. The terms [Cardiac surgery] AND [acute renal injury] AND [newborns OR children OR neonates] AND [randomized control studies OR randomized control trials] were used as search criteria. The studies that met the inclusion criteria were considered qualified using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: A total of 2,941 newborns or children were enrolled in 14 studies, with 931 developing acute renal damage. 2,095 of the enrolled infants and children received steroid, aminophylline, dexmedetomidine, and acetaminophen therapies. In seven studies, the odds ratio for steroids was not significantly different from control. In contrast, two studies comparing aminophylline to a control group found no statistically significant change. Two studies found no significant difference in dexmedetomidine therapy compared to control. Three trials, however, found a significant difference between the acetaminophen treatment and control groups. Conclusion: Acetaminophen was linked to a decreased risk of postoperative acute renal injury, while steroids had no benefit and aminophylline treatment could be justified.

Recognizing the economic and health-outcome value of early cognitive assessment and intervention among its older citizens has guided the Innovative Research School in Gerontology of the SD Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University to begin the process of establishing its nation’s first memory center in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Life expectancy in Kazakhstan, which continues to undergo health-care reform since its independence in 1991 from the former Soviet Union, has steadily risen from 64.4 years in 1996 to 68.67 in 2009. With increased life expectancy has been a corresponding rise in cognitive impairments among older adults. The components of the Memory Center, which comprises assessment, education and support, non-pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical interventions, are described.

Participants of the Mars-500 experiment living in Syktyvkar (northerners) and Almaty (southerners) were studied during a year in contrasting seasons. Latitude-related differences in autonomic index and, in the warm season, in the RMSSD and pNN50 indices. The northerners were observed to have significant seasonal shifts in thermoregulation parameters and the RMSSD and pNN50 values related to the climatic contrast. The southerners exhibited no seasonal changes in these indices. The participants from both groups were shown to have deviations in several physiological parameters from the normal values for temperate latitudes. Many participants from both groups were in the state of stress. Orthostatic tests revealed deficiencies in regulation of blood circulation.