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The aims of this case study are to assess water quality in a small, forested mountain catchment in the Black Forest, forming part of a National Park and Natura 2000 zone. Field work was carried out in the catchment of the Seebächle torrent, a small headwater basin of the River Acher, a confluent of the Rhine, in Southern Germany between late winter and early summer of 2018. The catchment has a diverse natural setting of water bodies, including springs, torrents, and a lake, and is impacted by anthropogenic activities such as summer tourism, winter sports, two quarries, road traffic, and an isolated construction site. Physio-chemical and bacterial water samples were obtained at 10 measurement sites, including a spring, a lake (Mummelsee), a fountain, artificial and natural snow on and next to a ski run (Seibelseckle), artificial ditches and parking lots draining the ski run, and the Seebächle torrent above two granite mines. Samples were either taken directly on site or analyzed in corresponding hydrology and hospital microbiology laboratories. Water of the Seebächle is oxygen-rich, peaty, and mostly acidic, but the pH varies between 4.1 and 9.5 throughout the catchment, inclining towards acid in the fountain and below the ski run and towards alkaline in the lake. Conductivity is spatially highly variable, reaching the most elevated values below the ski run and its parking lot (149 µS/cm). A high density of bacteria including enterobacteria was detected at nearly all sites. Human pathogenic bacteria were found below and surrounding the ski run, at parking lots draining the ski run, as well as at the lowest site during the mid-spring campaign. They were also detected in the touristically highly frequented lake and in the spring feeding the lake during the end-of-spring campaign. Whilst most physico-chemical parameters followed a similar pattern and fell within good to very good EU drinking water quality status, the lake turbidity levels (19.2 NTU) by far exceeded norms after ice thawing. The most contaminated site in terms of bacteria and turbidity (5.2 NTU), ammonium nitrogen (0.18 mg/L), and total nitrogen (5.06 mg/L) was the spring feeding the Mummelsee draining the construction site of a new restaurant. These field analyses show that the water quality of a virtually uninhabited, natural headwater catchment is strongly interconnected and can degrade both by direct and indirect impacts of overtourism.
Laura Siegwald; Carmen De Jong. Anthropogenic Impacts on Water Quality in a Small, Forested Mountain Catchment: A Case Study of the Seebächle, Black Forest, Southern Germany. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9022 .
AMA StyleLaura Siegwald, Carmen De Jong. Anthropogenic Impacts on Water Quality in a Small, Forested Mountain Catchment: A Case Study of the Seebächle, Black Forest, Southern Germany. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):9022.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaura Siegwald; Carmen De Jong. 2020. "Anthropogenic Impacts on Water Quality in a Small, Forested Mountain Catchment: A Case Study of the Seebächle, Black Forest, Southern Germany." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 9022.
BackgroundSmoking is a major preventable cause of morbidity and mortality. We assessed smoking behaviour in 6-17-year-olds. In 13-17-year-olds, we studied risk factors for smoking and compared the frequency of respiratory problems between those who smoked and those who did not.MethodsWe used data from LuftiBus in the school, a school-based survey of the respiratory health of children carried out 2013-2016 in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland. Participants were asked about cigarette, shisha, and electronic smoking device (ESD) smoking, and respiratory symptoms and diseases. We studied the association between smoking and risk factors using logistic regression.ResultsWe included 3488 schoolchildren with data on active smoking. Five percent of the 6-12-year-olds (90 of 1905) had smoked occasionally (ConclusionSmoking of shishas and ESDs is popular among Swiss adolescents and often combined with smoking cigarettes. Structural smoking prevention strategies should include all forms of smoking including shishas and ESDs.
Rebeca Mozun; Cristina Ardura-Garcia; Carmen C. M. De Jong; Myrofora Goutaki; Jakob Usemann; Florian Singer; Philipp Latzin; Claudia E. Kuehni; Alexander Moeller. Smoking behaviour in Swiss schoolchildren: the LuftiBus in the school survey. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleRebeca Mozun, Cristina Ardura-Garcia, Carmen C. M. De Jong, Myrofora Goutaki, Jakob Usemann, Florian Singer, Philipp Latzin, Claudia E. Kuehni, Alexander Moeller. Smoking behaviour in Swiss schoolchildren: the LuftiBus in the school survey. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRebeca Mozun; Cristina Ardura-Garcia; Carmen C. M. De Jong; Myrofora Goutaki; Jakob Usemann; Florian Singer; Philipp Latzin; Claudia E. Kuehni; Alexander Moeller. 2020. "Smoking behaviour in Swiss schoolchildren: the LuftiBus in the school survey." , no. : 1.
Flash floods are typical for the Mediterranean region, however they have been recurring at increasing frequency over the past few decades especially over the Italian Peninsula. The region of Genoa has recently moved into the international spotlight due to frequent and disastrous flash floods of the Bisagno River and its tributaries as a result of intense autumn rainfall and dense floodplain urbanization. The last flood events even caused loss in human lives, with 6 casualties in 2011 and 1 in 2014. However, it has not yet been investigated whether the increase in these flash flood events is due to a change in rainfall regime or due to urban expansion in areas prone to flash floods. This study investigates the meteorological conditions and the ground effects of the Bisagno River flash flood of October 9th, 2014 in the city of Genoa. Application of a Standard Anomaly Index and a Cluster Analysis reveals a positive trend in intense and short-duration rainfall recorded in the Bisagno Valley for the period of 1945–2016. Urban sprawl in the catchment, assessed through a multi-temporal cartographic and photographic comparison, highlights the progressive and total consumption of land in the floodplain. In the river basin surrounding Genoa the risk of flash floods has increased, both due to a change in rainfall regime and associated increase in discharge but also due to increased vulnerability caused by progressive urban expansion and land use change, including in particular transformations of the Bisagno riverbed. The results obtained demonstrate the need for urgent action to mitigate flood risk by introducing, amongst other measures, a citizen observatory for early warning of flash floods.
Francesco Faccini; Fabio Luino; Guido Paliaga; Alessandro Sacchini; Laura Turconi; Carmen de Jong. Role of rainfall intensity and urban sprawl in the 2014 flash flood in Genoa City, Bisagno catchment (Liguria, Italy). Applied Geography 2018, 98, 224 -241.
AMA StyleFrancesco Faccini, Fabio Luino, Guido Paliaga, Alessandro Sacchini, Laura Turconi, Carmen de Jong. Role of rainfall intensity and urban sprawl in the 2014 flash flood in Genoa City, Bisagno catchment (Liguria, Italy). Applied Geography. 2018; 98 ():224-241.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Faccini; Fabio Luino; Guido Paliaga; Alessandro Sacchini; Laura Turconi; Carmen de Jong. 2018. "Role of rainfall intensity and urban sprawl in the 2014 flash flood in Genoa City, Bisagno catchment (Liguria, Italy)." Applied Geography 98, no. : 224-241.
Mountain hydrology, in particular in the European Alps, has undergone significant changes within the last decades due to climate and land use change as well as altered water consumption patterns. Climate change influences both the characteristics of droughts and floods as well as evapotranspiration, snow-rainfall ratios, snow seasonality and water reserves locked in glaciers. Land use change and altered water use may strongly outweigh these impacts, in particular through industrialization, urbanization and tourism. Extreme hydrological situations such as new floods types have evolved from combined land-use and climate change and new types of water scarcity in association with accelerated and seasonally shifted water abstraction. Related water quality and pollution issues are of growing concern especially in seasonally highly populated areas. Main methodological challenges include keeping pace with recent hydrological change such as altered water inputs, water abstraction and water quality. Emphasis should be put on the significance of small proportional changes within the total water cycle as these may have major impacts on floods, water scarcity and general livelihood. Political challenges are strongest concerning problem reporting, initiation of monitoring programs and data transparency. The general lack of higher altitude hydrological data and experience with new hydrological phenomena will require an analytical approach directed more strongly towards interactions between scientists, stakeholders and decision makers encompassing local stakeholder knowledge and historical evidence. Data and innovative practices need to be exchanged more strongly between alpine regions and between the local and European level. It should be recognized that an alternative water management in mountains is fundamental for the future.
Carmen De Jong. Challenges for mountain hydrology in the third millennium. Frontiers in Environmental Science 2015, 3, 1 .
AMA StyleCarmen De Jong. Challenges for mountain hydrology in the third millennium. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2015; 3 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmen De Jong. 2015. "Challenges for mountain hydrology in the third millennium." Frontiers in Environmental Science 3, no. : 1.
Alpine ski resorts attract large temporary populations at relatively high altitudes, causing both urban and ski infrastructure development in ecologically vulnerable regions frequently subject to geo-hydrological risk. This study deals with the impacts of urbanization comprising housing, roads, parking and heliports, impacts of ski runs such as slope grooming and drainage and impacts of artificial snow production for example snow grooming, water storage reservoirs and water pipelines in the French and Italian Alps. Ski resort infrastructure is both at risk from natural hazards including landslides, rockfalls, avalanches and floods and from artificially induced hazards related to artificial snow infrastructure and ski slope manipulation for instance landslides, debris flows and erosion. Managing such risks is often only partially successful after 4–5 decades, however many impacts are irreversible. Climate change and intensification of ski resort development is likely to increase geo-hydrological risks in future.
Carmen de Jong; Franco Previtali; Gloria Carletti. Challenges in Assessing and Managing Geo-hydrological Risk Related to Natural and Anthropogenic Pressures in Alpine Ski Resorts. Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 5 2014, 781 -785.
AMA StyleCarmen de Jong, Franco Previtali, Gloria Carletti. Challenges in Assessing and Managing Geo-hydrological Risk Related to Natural and Anthropogenic Pressures in Alpine Ski Resorts. Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 5. 2014; ():781-785.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmen de Jong; Franco Previtali; Gloria Carletti. 2014. "Challenges in Assessing and Managing Geo-hydrological Risk Related to Natural and Anthropogenic Pressures in Alpine Ski Resorts." Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 5 , no. : 781-785.
Climate change and increased skier density is increasing ski run reworking, use of artificial snow and snow grooming. Few studies are available on these engineering impacts on slope stability. Therefore, the soil properties, compaction and infiltration characteristics were investigated on ski slopes and compared to natural sites for three different ski resorts (Les Menuires, La Rosière and Foppolo) in the French and Italian Alps. The results show that soil properties differ substantially, with lower nitrogen and carbon content and higher pH on ski runs. Soil compaction is up to three times higher and infiltration takes up to four times longer on ski slopes compared to natural sites. Some new ski slopes were even 100 % impermeable. This explains why ski slopes are more prone to landslides, sheet, rill and gully erosion and have a distinct vegetation cover.
Carmen de Jong; Gloria Carletti; Franco Previtali. Assessing Impacts of Climate Change, Ski Slope, Snow and Hydraulic Engineering on Slope Stability in Ski Resorts (French and Italian Alps). Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 1 2014, 51 -55.
AMA StyleCarmen de Jong, Gloria Carletti, Franco Previtali. Assessing Impacts of Climate Change, Ski Slope, Snow and Hydraulic Engineering on Slope Stability in Ski Resorts (French and Italian Alps). Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 1. 2014; ():51-55.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmen de Jong; Gloria Carletti; Franco Previtali. 2014. "Assessing Impacts of Climate Change, Ski Slope, Snow and Hydraulic Engineering on Slope Stability in Ski Resorts (French and Italian Alps)." Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 1 , no. : 51-55.
Artificial snow; Man-made snow; Programmed snow; Snow production; Technical snow Artificial snow is produced by rapidly freezing water into ice crystals under high pressure. The artificial production...
Carmen De Jong. Artificial Production of Snow. Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics 2011, 61 -66.
AMA StyleCarmen De Jong. Artificial Production of Snow. Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. 2011; ():61-66.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmen De Jong. 2011. "Artificial Production of Snow." Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics , no. : 61-66.
Carmen De Jong; Damian Lawler; Richard Essery. Mountain Hydroclimatology and Snow Seasonality-Perspectives on climate impacts, snow seasonality and hydrological change in mountain environments. Hydrological Processes 2009, 23, 955 -961.
AMA StyleCarmen De Jong, Damian Lawler, Richard Essery. Mountain Hydroclimatology and Snow Seasonality-Perspectives on climate impacts, snow seasonality and hydrological change in mountain environments. Hydrological Processes. 2009; 23 (7):955-961.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmen De Jong; Damian Lawler; Richard Essery. 2009. "Mountain Hydroclimatology and Snow Seasonality-Perspectives on climate impacts, snow seasonality and hydrological change in mountain environments." Hydrological Processes 23, no. 7: 955-961.
L’évolution de l’environnement alpin au XXIe siècle sera conditionnée par le changement climatique. Celui-ci pourrait conduire à des climats inconnus à ce jour dans les Alpes, avec comme conséquence une crise environnementale majeure et durable. Face à ces défis, les financements de recherche restent insuffisants pour la recherche appliquée aux milieux de montagne. Les financements nationaux privilégient souvent la recherche polaire au détriment des hautes altitudes, alors que les financements de type Interreg prennent insuffisamment en compte les besoins de recherche fondamentale, préalable nécessaire à l’élaboration de scénarios. Une évolution se dessine depuis deux ou trois ans vers des projets en réseau à l’échelle alpine. Le présent article fait le point sur les principaux enjeux qui attendent la recherche environnementale alpine et sur la capacité des programmes de recherche à répondre aux besoins. La première partie sur les changements climatiques est fondée sur les rapports récents : rapport de synthèse IPCC 2007 (IPCC 2007), rapport IPCC sur l’Europe (Alcamo et al. 2007), rapport de synthèse du programme ClimChAlp (Prudent-Richard et al., 2008). On y trouvera des bibliographies complètes et circonstanciées. La deuxième partie se base sur une analyse des appels d’offres récents ou en cours, et des projets soumis et financés.
Philippe Schoeneich; Carmen De Jong. Évolution de l’environnement alpin. Revue de géographie alpine 2008, 53 -64.
AMA StylePhilippe Schoeneich, Carmen De Jong. Évolution de l’environnement alpin. Revue de géographie alpine. 2008; (96-4):53-64.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhilippe Schoeneich; Carmen De Jong. 2008. "Évolution de l’environnement alpin." Revue de géographie alpine , no. 96-4: 53-64.
L’évolution de l’environnement alpin au XXIe siècle sera conditionnée par le changement climatique. Celui-ci pourrait conduire à des climats inconnus à ce jour dans les Alpes, avec comme conséquence une crise environnementale majeure et durable. Face à ces défis, les financements de recherche restent insuffisants pour la recherche appliquée aux milieux de montagne. Les financements nationaux privilégient souvent la recherche polaire au détriment des hautes altitudes, alors que les financements de type Interreg prennent insuffisamment en compte les besoins de recherche fondamentale, préalable nécessaire à l’élaboration de scénarios. Une évolution se dessine depuis deux ou trois ans vers des projets en réseau à l’échelle alpine. Le présent article fait le point sur les principaux enjeux qui attendent la recherche environnementale alpine et sur la capacité des programmes de recherche à répondre aux besoins. La première partie sur les changements climatiques est fondée sur les rapports récents : rapport de synthèse IPCC 2007 (IPCC 2007), rapport IPCC sur l’Europe (Alcamo et al. 2007), rapport de synthèse du programme ClimChAlp (Prudent-Richard et al., 2008). On y trouvera des bibliographies complètes et circonstanciées. La deuxième partie se base sur une analyse des appels d’offres récents ou en cours, et des projets soumis et financés.
Philippe Schoeneich; Carmen De Jong. Changes in the Alpine environment. Revue de géographie alpine 2008, 65 -76.
AMA StylePhilippe Schoeneich, Carmen De Jong. Changes in the Alpine environment. Revue de géographie alpine. 2008; (96-4):65-76.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhilippe Schoeneich; Carmen De Jong. 2008. "Changes in the Alpine environment." Revue de géographie alpine , no. 96-4: 65-76.
Carmen De Jong. The contribution of condensation to the water cycle under high-mountain conditions. Hydrological Processes 2005, 19, 2419 -2435.
AMA StyleCarmen De Jong. The contribution of condensation to the water cycle under high-mountain conditions. Hydrological Processes. 2005; 19 (12):2419-2435.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmen De Jong. 2005. "The contribution of condensation to the water cycle under high-mountain conditions." Hydrological Processes 19, no. 12: 2419-2435.
The Dischma is a typical high mountain valley in the alpine source area of the River Rhine. A knowledge of the daily and seasonal water balance is important for understanding and predicting the effects of climatic fluctuations on river discharge. Traditional methods of analysing the water cycle usually involve deriving evaporation from precipitation and discharge. However, in mountain regions single station precipitation and discharge data cannot simply be extrapolated to represent regional evaporation characteristics. Measurements of precipitation in mountains are both limited in accuracy and spatial representativeness in contrast to well-defined discharge data. Field measurements of evaporation in the Dischma valley recorded over five summers give a fairly accurate picture of this component over space and time. New results on the characteristics of evaporation, transpiration and condensation are obtained from automated evaporation pans, lysimeters and climatological stations. The water cycle can be defined with greater precision by measuring discharge and evaporation and deriving precipitation than the more traditional technique of deriving evaporation.
Carmen De Jong; Franz K. List; Peter J. Ergenzinger. Experimental Hydrological Analyses in the Dischma based on Daily and Seasonal Evaporation. Water Policy 2002, 33, 1 -14.
AMA StyleCarmen De Jong, Franz K. List, Peter J. Ergenzinger. Experimental Hydrological Analyses in the Dischma based on Daily and Seasonal Evaporation. Water Policy. 2002; 33 (1):1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmen De Jong; Franz K. List; Peter J. Ergenzinger. 2002. "Experimental Hydrological Analyses in the Dischma based on Daily and Seasonal Evaporation." Water Policy 33, no. 1: 1-14.
Thresholds for channel change were investigated on two proglacial outwash fans, one silty, the other gravelly, over, different temporal and spatial scales. Short-term channel change was monitored in detail over a period of seven weeks from July to August 1988, whilst longer term changes were observed between summer 1986 and 1988. A model predicting channel change under varying threshold conditions was devised. Input controls showed that base level fluctuations, discharge variations, suspended sediment concentrations, grain size variations and sorting, sediment structures and stream gradients played different roles not only on an inter- and intra- fan basis but also over varying time scales. Both minor and major thresholds influenced channel change processes of sediment transport; channel scour, accretion, division and abandonment; bank collapse; bar formation; fan erosion and deposition. Model outputs were defined in terms of planimetric change, braiding intensity, fan incision and extension, and cross-sectional change. A special intransitive threshold condition causing abrupt base level increase during the course of a jökulhlaup (R.I. 2–3 years) triggered complete channel system metamorphosis on the gravel fan and significant changes on the alluvial fan.
Carmen De Jong. Thresholds for Channel Change on Two Contrasting Pro-Glacial River Fans, West Greenland. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 1992, 74, 1 -12.
AMA StyleCarmen De Jong. Thresholds for Channel Change on Two Contrasting Pro-Glacial River Fans, West Greenland. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography. 1992; 74 (1):1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmen De Jong. 1992. "Thresholds for Channel Change on Two Contrasting Pro-Glacial River Fans, West Greenland." Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 74, no. 1: 1-12.
Carmen de Jong. A reappraisal of the significance of obstacle clasts in cluster bedform dispersal. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 1991, 16, 737 -744.
AMA StyleCarmen de Jong. A reappraisal of the significance of obstacle clasts in cluster bedform dispersal. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 1991; 16 (8):737-744.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmen de Jong. 1991. "A reappraisal of the significance of obstacle clasts in cluster bedform dispersal." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 16, no. 8: 737-744.
A small ice-dammed lake near Søndre Strømfjord, West Greenland, drained suddenly during the night of 15–16 July 1988. This drainage was observed from within the lake basin near the tunnel mouth. The drainage had four main effects: the collapse of adjacent moraine ridges; the shearing of ice around the tunnel mouth; rapid incision of the lake bed; and the transport of sediment from the lake basin into the glacier. All of the above were confined to a period of 15–30 min following the exposure of a circular tunnelc.6 m in diameter.
Andrew J. Russell; John F. Aitken; Carmen De Jong. Observations on the Drainage of an Ice-Dammed Lake in West Greenland. Journal of Glaciology 1990, 36, 72 -74.
AMA StyleAndrew J. Russell, John F. Aitken, Carmen De Jong. Observations on the Drainage of an Ice-Dammed Lake in West Greenland. Journal of Glaciology. 1990; 36 (122):72-74.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrew J. Russell; John F. Aitken; Carmen De Jong. 1990. "Observations on the Drainage of an Ice-Dammed Lake in West Greenland." Journal of Glaciology 36, no. 122: 72-74.