In this paper, a low loss and high polarization-maintaining single-mode hollow-core anti-resonant fiber (PM-HC-ARF) is designed. The elliptical core in the PM-HC-ARF is formed by strategically enlarging selected cladding air holes along the y-axis. Additionally, the variations in the wall thickness in both the x and y directions generate the distinct surface modes. By simultaneously employing an elliptical core and asymmetric core-wall thickness, we enhance the phase birefringence. Theoretical analysis results show that the proposed PM-HC-ARF achieves a transmission loss of 0.00082 dB/m at wavelength 1450 nm, along with a birefringence of 1.38 × 10⁻⁴; it demonstrates CL levels an order of magnitude below state-of-the-art polarization-maintaining HC-ARFs. Moreover, within the S+C+L+U communication bands, it achieves a bandwidth exceeding 380 nm (1420–1800 nm) while maintaining a birefringence of greater than 1.45 × 10⁻⁴. In particular, this PM-HC-ARF demonstrates a maximum higher-order mode extinction ratio of over 32,070; the single-mode transmission characteristics are excellent, along with exceptional bending resistance characteristics. When the bending radius exceeds 3 cm, the impacts on the loss and birefringence are negligible; this also demonstrates that the fiber structure shows good robustness when subjected to harsh environment interference. The proposed PM-HC-ARF is believed to have important applications in fiber optic gyroscopes, optical amplifiers, and hydrophones.