Background: It is well documented in the scientific literature that obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and various eating disorders may present overlapping psychopathological traits. Exploring these aspects could help to identify underlying features that connect different diagnostic categories. However, evidence is lacking regarding certain less-studied eating disorders, such as avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). The aim of this review is to investigate the presence of comorbidity between OCD and ARFID and, consequently, the psychopathological similarities between these disorders. Methods: A systematic review of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and PsycInfo databases was conducted. To ensure methodological rigor, the review process followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) recommendations. Results: After removing duplicates and applying the exclusion criteria, nine studies were included. Results indicated that although ARFID presents with primarily food-related symptomatology, the two disorders demonstrate both overlapping and distinct psychopathological characteristics. A tendency toward comorbidity is evident; however, symptom presentation appears to be influenced by age. Specifically, lower obsessive–compulsive comorbidity is observed during childhood and adolescence. Nevertheless, OCD in younger populations is more frequently associated with a fear-driven ARFID profile compared to older individuals. The co-occurrence of these conditions complicates treatment; OCD-related symptoms often show limited responsiveness to conventional approaches used for eating disorders. Conclusions: ARFID and OCD share partially overlapping psychopathological features, with comorbidity patterns varying by age. Recognizing these shared and disorder-specific traits—and investigating them through longitudinal studies—may guide more targeted, personalized interventions and improve treatment outcomes.

Background: Emotional dysregulation (ED) is a transdiagnostic construct implicated in a broad range of psychiatric conditions. However, the influence of gender on ED remains understudied, particularly among adolescents with severe mood and behavioral disorders. Furthermore, few studies have controlled for confounding effects of specific psychiatric diagnoses. Methods: We assessed 182 adolescents (80.8% female; mean age 15.7 years) referred to our clinical institution. Participants completed the Cyclothymic–Hypersensitive Temperament Questionnaire (CHTQ), the Reactivity, Intensity, Polarity, and Stability Questionnaire (RIPoSt-Y), and the K-SADS-PL interview. Results: Females reported significantly higher levels of CHTQ mood lability (7.53 vs. 5.94, p = 0.012), RIPoSt-Y affective instability (62.33 vs. 53.31, p = 0.023), and interpersonal sensitivity (30.80 vs. 24.97, p < 0.001). They also exhibited higher rates of cyclothymic–hypersensitive temperament (46.6% vs. 14.7%, p = 0.001). Regression analysis revealed that gender and specific psychiatric diagnoses exerted significant independent effects on ED dimensions. Mood lability/hypersensitivity was significantly predicted by bipolar disorder (p = 0.001), depressive disorder (p = 0.002), and female sex (p = 0.025). Affective instability was independently predicted by bulimia nervosa (p = 0.019), depressive disorder (p = 0.004), and female sex (p = 0.033). Significant predictors for interpersonal sensitivity included female sex (p = 0.002), depressive disorder (p = 0.008), bulimia nervosa (p = 0.044), and the absence of conduct disorder (p = 0.048). Conclusions: Female adolescents with severe psychiatric presentations exhibited higher levels of ED, specifically regarding mood lability, affective instability, and interpersonal sensitivity. These associations persisted independently of current mood disorder diagnoses or comorbidities. While findings from this clinical cohort may not be fully generalizable to the general population, they highlight the need for gender-informed clinical interventions for adolescents characterized by severe ED.

This study investigated dimensions of emotional dysregulation (ED) and cyclothymic temperamental traits in adolescents, focusing on their association with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) from a transdiagnostic perspective. A total of 208 adolescents undergoing treatment for acute psychiatric condition (aged 12-18) completed comprehensive diagnostic assessment and were divided into two groups: those meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revised (DSM-5-TR) criteria for NSSI-D (NSSI group) and psychiatric controls (PC group). To assess ED and temperament participants completed the RIPoST-Y scale and the Cyclothymic Hypersensitive Temperament (CHT) questionnaire; depressive symptoms have been assessed by using the Children's Depression Inventory-2 (CDI-2). The NSSI group exhibited significantly higher levels of both ED and CHT compared to controls. Logistic regression analysis identified the interpersonal sensitivity domain of ED and depressive symptoms, as independent predictors of NSSI, regardless of DSM-5 diagnostic categories. These findings underscore the strong association between emotional dysregulation, temperamental affective instability and self-harm behaviors, highlighting these dimensions as potentially important clinical targets in prevention and treatment for adolescents with NSSI.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent, but not immutable, disorders of movement and posture caused by a non-progressive lesion or an abnormality in the development of the immature brain. It is the leading cause of motor disability in childhood. The most common sign is muscle spasticity, which leads to the development of contractures and bone deformities. Among the treatments for spasticity, botulinum toxin injection has the strongest scientific evidence and is used from the age of 2 years. In this article, we report three pediatric patients with CP who developed muscle fasciculations after botulinum toxin injection, which were administered according to planned dosages and required clinical monitoring and stretching by a healthcare professional. We review the literature and analyze the possible physiopathological mechanisms; however no other similar clinical cases have been reported. In conclusion, we propose to include muscle fasciculations as a potential transient and non-harmful adverse effect of botulinum toxin infiltration, which remains the treatment of choice for muscle spasticity when combined with rehabilitation in cerebral palsy.