Homotypic entotic figures, which are a form of “cell-in-cell” structures, are considered a potential novel independent prognostic marker in various cancers. Nevertheless, the knowledge concerning the biological role of this phenomenon is still unclear. Since breast cancer cells are remarkably entosis-competent, we aimed to investigate and compare the frequency of entoses in a primary breast tumor and in its lymph node metastasis. Moreover, as there are limited data on defined molecular markers of entosis, we investigated entosis in correlation with classical breast cancer biomarkers used in routine pathomorphological diagnostics (HER2, ER, PR, and Ki67). In the study, a cohort of entosis-positive breast cancer samples paired into primary lesions and lymph node metastases was used. The inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of NOS cancer, lymph node metastases, the presence of entotic figures in the primary lesion, and/or lymph node metastases. In a selected, double-negative, HER2-positive NOS breast cancer case, entoses were characterized by a correlation between an epithelial–mesenchymal transition and proliferation markers. We observed that in the investigated cohort entotic figures were positively correlated with Ki67 and HER2, but not with ER or PR markers. Moreover, for the first time, we identified Ki67-positive mitotic inner entotic cells in clinical carcinoma samples. Our study performed on primary and secondary breast cancer specimens indicated that entotic figures, when examined by routine HE histological staining, present potential diagnostic value, since they correlate with two classical prognostic factors of breast cancer.

Introduction and purpose Migraine is a prevalent neurological disorder affecting up to 1 billion individuals worldwide. Histamine intolerance, caused by reduced activity of the diamine oxidase enzyme, has been increasingly linked to migraines, with headaches being one of its hallmark symptoms. Clinical studies reveal that migraine patients often exhibit significantly lower DAO levels compared to healthy controls. Genetic studies have further identified polymorphisms in the DAO gene as potential contributors to reduced DAO activity and heightened migraine susceptibility. Histamine may influence migraine pathophysiology through elevated plasma levels, which can activate nitric oxide and CGRP pathways, leading to neuronal sensitization and headache onset. Foods high in histamine are common migraine triggers in individuals with HIT or DAO deficiency. Material and Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the PubMed and GoogleScholar databases, focusing on articles published since 2020. The search included the keywords: “DAO”, “histamine intolerance”,“migraine”, “DAO supplementation” in varius combination. Results DAO enzyme supplementation have demonstrated potential in reducing headache duration in episodic migraines, although their impact on migraine frequency and intensity remains inconclusive. Additionally, recent findings suggest that serum DAO levels in migraine patients may vary, indicating a complex relationship between histamine metabolism, genetic predisposition, and migraine pathophysiology. Conclusions The role of histamine and DAO deficiency in migraine development and underscores the need for further research into targeted dietary and therapeutic approaches. Improved understanding of histamine metabolism and its genetic underpinnings could offer new strategies for managing migraines in histamine-sensitive individuals.

Entosis is a form of cell-in-cell interaction observed in epithelial cancers, characterized by the internalization of one cell into another. This process is initiated by cell detachment, cadherin-mediated homotypic adhesion, and the formation of an entotic vacuole. Mechanistically, entosis is driven by Rho/ROCK signaling and actomyosin contractility in the invading (inner) cell, which becomes stiffer and is pulled into the softer host (outer) cell. A functional assay using differently stained cell populations allows for the assessment of pharmacological interventions on either the inner or outer cell during entosis. In this study, we investigated the impact of MEK pathway inhibition on entosis in two epithelial cancer cell lines, BxPC3 (pancreatic cancer) and MCF7 (breast cancer). BxPC3 cells, which rely on adhesion, exhibited a significant reduction in entotic index upon MEK inhibition. In contrast, MCF7 cells showed no selectivity of entosis to three different MEK inhibitors. These findings suggest cell-type-specific regulation of entosis, potentially linked to differences in protrusion formation mechanisms and upstream Ras signaling pathways previously implicated in cancer cell motility.

The aim of this article is to analyze the differences in health approaches between Generation Z (born after 1995) and Generation X (born between 1965 and 1980). Research conducted after 2018 indicates that lifestyle, priorities, and health habits significantly differ between these age groups, stemming from distinct cultural experiences and technological advancements. The article is based on a review of scientific publications discussing issues related to physical activity, diet, mental health, and the use of technology in health care. The findings suggest that Generation Z shows greater engagement with health technologies, while Generation X prefers traditional health maintenance methods. The conclusions drawn from this analysis are crucial for health policymakers, educators, and the medical sector.

Background: Opioids remain the most effective component of systemic analgesia and are considered safe and beneficial when administered at the lowest effective dose. Nevertheless, their potential adverse effects may diminish the quality of the postoperative period or, in some cases, lead to life-threatening complications. This analysis examines whether the mandatory implementation of a standardised protocol offers opioid-sparing potential. Methods: In this single-centre retrospective cohort study, intraoperative opioid consumption during laparoscopic appendectomy was compared between patients anaesthetised according to a standardised protocol (n₁ = 132) and those managed at clinicians’ discretion in line with good medical practice (n₂ = 212). Length of hospital stay and use of intraoperative non-opioid analgesics were also assessed. Results: The total fentanyl dose administered during anaesthesia was significantly lower in the standardised protocol cohort compared to the cohort without a protocol: 3.13 μg·kg⁻¹ (IQR: 2.98–4.08) vs. 5.19 μg·kg⁻¹ (IQR: 3.89–6.67), p < 0.001. In the protocol cohort, the percentage of patients who received acetaminophen and metamizole was significantly higher—increasing by 57% and 23%, respectively (p < 0.001). No significant inter-cohort difference was observed in terms of length of hospital stay. Conclusions: The use of a mandatory anaesthetic protocol based on a multimodal approach had an opioid-sparing effect in children undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy. This retrospective analysis was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Warsaw (identifier: AKBE/118/2025; date of acceptance: 12 May 2025), and the primary trial was registered in the U.S. National Library of Medicine Clinical Trials Registry (registration number: NCT05238506; date of first registration: 14 February 2022).

Background: People often experience vertigo and other co-occurring effects caused by the action of a strong magnetic field, such as those found in the MRI generator. This effect is a result of vestibular stimulation of the inner ear, the mechanism being a magnetohydrodynamic force (Lorentz force) which is generated by the interaction between normal ionic currents in the endolymph of the inner ear and the strong magnetic fields of the static MRI devices. The result of the induction is magnetic vestibular stimulation (MVS). Aim of the study: This study aims to present potential of MVS in research of vestibular function, hemispatial neglect syndrome (HNS) and rehabilitation. Materials and Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using keywords including “magnetic vestibular stimulation”, “hemispatial neglect syndrome”, “caloric vestibular stimulation”, “galvanic vestibular stimulation”, “rehabilitation” in different combinations. Materials and Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using keywords including “magnetic vestibular stimulation”, “hemispatial neglect syndrome”, “caloric vestibular stimulation”, “galvanic vestibular stimulation”, “rehabilitation” in different combinations. Results: Several studies have been conducted using MVS, bringing new light to set-point adaptation of vestibular system. Moreover, MVS can induce spatial attention bias similar to HNS for at least one hour during session. Conclusions: MVS is a novel tool with many possibilities in e.g. vestibular research. Apart from research, it may have great potential in rehabilitation of patients with HNS – which could be beneficial also for athletes affected by stroke.