Thin endometrium lining or severe endometrial injury which may occur during artificial abortion can cause defective endometrial receptivity and subsequent infertility. Therefore, much effort has been devoted toward regenerating thin or damaged endometrial lining by applying multiple types of stem cells. Even though there are some positive preliminary outcomes, repairing the injured endometrium with stem cells is considerably challenging, due to the lack of an adequate microenvironment for the administrated stem cells within the tissues and subsequent poor therapeutic efficiency. In this context, as an alternative, we fabricated a 3D stem cell-laden artificial endometrium by incorporating several biodegradable biomaterials (collagen and hyaluronic acid) and multiple cellular components of endometrium (endometrial stem cells, stromal cells, and vessel cells) to properly recapitulate the multicellular microenvironment and multilayered structure. Agarose was used as an inert filler substrate to enhance the mechanical integrity of the three-layered artificial endometrium. Various mechanical characteristics, such as morphology, compression properties, swelling, and viscosity, have been evaluated. Various biological features, such as steroid hormone responsiveness, specific endometrial cell-surface marker expressions, and the secretion of multiple growth factors and steroid hormones, as well as the viability of encapsulated endometrial cells are relatively well maintained within the artificial endometrium. More importantly, severe tissue injuries were significantly relieved by transplanting our 3D artificial endometrium into endometrial ablation mice. Remarkably, artificial endometrium transplantation resulted in a successful pregnancy with subsequent live birth without any morphological or chromosomal abnormalities.

Background/Objectives: Gait dysfunction is a major contributor to disability and reduced quality of life in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although pharmacological treatments and exercise-based rehabilitation programs provide partial improvement, residual gait dysfunction often persists. Given these limitations, there has been growing interest in non-pharmacological and non-invasive strategies such as vibration therapy (VT). However, previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have yielded inconsistent findings, largely summarizing the presence or absence of treatment effects without clarifying the clinical or therapeutic conditions under which VT may be most effective. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically review and synthesize evidence on the efficacy of VT for improving gait in PD and to identify clinical and therapeutic factors influencing treatment outcomes. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was conducted with no restrictions on the search period, including studies published up to July 2025. Eligible studies included randomized and quasi-experimental clinical trials that evaluated the effects of VT on gait-related outcomes in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Data extraction followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, and the risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 and ROBINS-I tools. Multilevel random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to estimate pooled effect sizes for gait outcomes, and meta-regression and subgroup analyses were performed based on disease stage, medication status, and vibration parameters. Results: A total of 14 studies (11 randomized and 3 non-randomized) were included. The pooled analysis showed that VT significantly improved gait performance in PD (Hedges’ g = 0.270, 95% CI: 0.115–0.424; 95% PI: −0.166–0.705). The sensitivity analysis restricted to randomized controlled trials yielded a comparable significant effect (g = 0.316, 95% CI: 0.004–0.628). Greater benefits were observed in patients with higher clinical severity, while the moderating effect of levodopa dosage was not significant. Optimal effects were identified with frequencies of 51–100 Hz, session durations ≤3 min, and 2–3 sessions per week. Improvements were evident in gait speed, cycle, and magnitude, whereas no consistent effects were observed for freezing of gait or gait variability. Conclusions: VT yields small but statistically significant improvements in fundamental gait parameters in Parkinson’s disease, particularly under optimized stimulation conditions and in individuals with greater disease severity. Although the pooled effect was modest and the certainty of evidence was rated as very low according to GRADE, these findings cautiously support the potential of vibration-based interventions as a supportive, non-pharmacological, and non-invasive adjunct within broader rehabilitation programs, rather than as a stand-alone treatment.

Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT)—a noninvasive therapeutic strategy—employs low-level red or near-infrared light to regulate cellular bioenergetics, reduce oxidative stress, and modulate inflammation. It has demonstrated therapeutic potential for several ophthalmic diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, and dry eye disease. However, the clinical evidence remains fragmented due to heterogeneity in study designs, treatment parameters, and outcome measures. Moreover, existing reviews are largely confined to single diseases. Robust, prespecified assessments that standardize disease-specific endpoints and only explore shared physiological measures across conditions remain scarce. The protocol is registered in the PROSPERO database. This review will follow the PRISMA guidelines; randomized controlled trials and comparative nonrandomized clinical studies involving PBMT interventions for any clinically diagnosed ophthalmic disease will be included. Eligible comparators will include sham treatment, no treatment, or standard care, and outcomes will be primarily analyzed at the disease-specific level, with endpoints including best-corrected visual acuity, drusen volume, intraocular pressure, and diabetic retinopathy severity. Selected shared physiological or functional outcomes (e.g., electroretinogram amplitude, tear cytokine concentrations, and optical coherence tomography measurements of retinal structure) will be examined in a secondary exploratory framework to provide hypothesis-generating insights across conditions. Databases—including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus—will be searched for articles published up to July 31, 2025. Two reviewers will independently select studies, extract data, and assess risk of bias. Random-effects models will be used for the meta-analysis, and heterogeneity will be explored through prespecified subgroup (disease type, wavelength, irradiance, fluence, session duration, treatment frequency) and exploratory meta-regression analyses. This review will provide pooled effect estimates for PBMT based on clinical outcomes across ophthalmic diseases. These will be stratified by intervention parameters and outcome types (disease-specific and shared physiological/biomarker-based). Rather than aiming to determine optimal treatment strategies, the findings are intended to provide exploratory insights and generate hypotheses for future clinical research. The study will synthesize clinical evidence regarding the effect of PBMT on ophthalmic diseases, highlighting methodological considerations to guide the design of future trials and serve as an exploratory framework for understanding potential multidisease and multioutcome perspectives. PROSPERO CRD420251033569.

Introduction Balance impairment is a major contributor to falls, reduced mobility and loss of independence in individuals after stroke. Vibration therapy (VT) has been increasingly investigated as a non-invasive intervention to improve postural control and balance in individuals with stroke. However, the reported effects remain inconsistent, and a comprehensive synthesis focusing specifically on balance-related outcomes is lacking. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of VT on balance function and to explore the influence of intervention characteristics and outcome constructs. Methods and analysis This protocol follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. Randomised and non-randomised controlled studies will be systematically identified from major electronic databases. Balance-related outcomes will be categorised using a predefined construct-based framework (eg, static postural control, dynamic balance, limits of stability, functional mobility and gait performance). Meta-analyses will be conducted only within conceptually homogeneous constructs; otherwise, findings will be synthesised narratively. Risk of bias will be assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 and Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies of Interventions. Random-effects models will be applied where appropriate, and meta-regression analyses will be exploratory. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval is not required because this study will use only previously published data and will not involve individual-level human participant data. The findings will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presentation at relevant academic conferences. PROSPERO registration number CRD420251110102.

Background: Despite the increasing use of vibration therapy (VT) in neurorehabilitation, its efficacy on post-stroke gait recovery remains controversial due to substantial heterogeneity in study protocols and outcome assessments. Previous systematic reviews have often aggregated disparate gait metrics and stroke stages, potentially obscuring domain-specific therapeutic effects and limiting clinical applicability. Furthermore, the specific influence of vibration parameters, such as frequency and amplitude, on gait outcomes has not been sufficiently quantified. Objective: This protocol outlines a systematic review and meta-regression analysis designed to rigorously evaluate the clinical efficacy of VT on the multidimensional recovery of gait function in stroke survivors. Unlike prior reviews, this study aims to decipher the heterogeneity of treatment effects by analyzing outcome variations based on specific gait domains and exploring associations between individual vibration parameters and treatment effect estimates. Methods: In adherence to PRISMA-P guidelines, a comprehensive search will be conducted across PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus for randomized and non-randomized controlled trials involving adult stroke survivors. Interventions will include whole-body vibration (WBV) and focal muscle vibration (FMV) compared to sham or standard care. To address the multidimensional nature of gait, outcomes will be strictly categorized into four domains: (1) gait speed, (2) gait endurance, (3) functional mobility, and (4) spatiotemporal parameters. Methodological quality will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) and Risk of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tools. Data synthesis will utilize random-effects models, and prespecified meta-regression analyses will be employed to investigate the influence of key moderators, including vibration frequency, amplitude, and session duration. Discussion: This review aims to move beyond simple efficacy verification by exploring potential moderators of treatment effects and generating hypotheses regarding vibration parameters that may be associated with more favorable gait outcomes. By providing granular evidence across distinct gait domains and analyzing parameter-specific effects, this study is expected to resolve existing conflicting evidence and offer precise guidance for the clinical application of VT in post-stroke gait rehabilitation.

Background: Despite accumulating preclinical evidence supporting the therapeutic efficacy of photobiomodulation (PBM) in ophthalmic disease models, the systematic evaluation and quantitative synthesis of these findings remain underexplored. This protocol aims to comprehensively synthesize existing studies by categorizing outcome measures into morphological, visual, and inflammatory domains according to ophthalmic pathology. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of PBM for ophthalmic diseases and to consolidate the current body of preclinical evidence. Methods: This study will be conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. We will include controlled preclinical studies using animal models of four predefined ophthalmic conditions: age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma, and corneal injury. A systematic search will be conducted across relevant electronic databases without restrictions on publication date. Outcomes will be categorized into three domains, morphological, visual functional, and inflammatory, to evaluate the efficacy of PBM in ophthalmic diseases. Two independent reviewers will perform study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment using the SYRCLE tool. Where appropriate, meta-analyses will be conducted using random-effects models, with heterogeneity assessed using I ² statistics. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses will be performed to explore sources of variability. Discussion: This systematic review aims to integrate and assess the quality of current evidence regarding PBM’s efficacy across morphological, visual functional, and inflammatory outcomes. Findings will contribute to future trial designs and support the development of standardized protocols for PBM applications in ophthalmology. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251054002 , PROSPERO CRD420251054002.