Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological disorders in dogs, characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Epileptic seizures are typically classified as single generalized (SG), cluster seizures (CS), or status epilepticus (SE), with CS and SE representing neurological emergencies linked to high morbidity and mortality. This retrospective study analyzed 254 canine epilepsy cases from two veterinary clinics in Finland and Lithuania, aiming to evaluate the frequency and clinical associations of CS and SE. Patient data included age of seizure onset, sex, weight, neuter status, blood test results, clinical and neurological examinations, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, etiology classification and clinical outcome. Seizure type distribution was as follows: CS in 47.2%, SG in 26.8%, and SE in 26.0% of cases. SG seizures were significantly more common than CS in dogs aged 6–72 months (54.4% vs. 38.3%, p = 0.005), and more frequent in first-time cases compared to previously treated ones (p = 0.005). SE was significantly associated with inflammatory brain disease, abnormal clinical and neurological findings, and a higher rate of euthanasia (29.2%, p < 0.05). Dogs with structural epilepsy were older (median 108 months) and more likely to develop SE (35.5%). Most cases initially presented as SG (58.1%), but 44.5% progressed to CS and 24.6% to SE. MRI revealed lesions in 46.5% of cases, with SE more frequent in dogs with inflammatory changes and SG predominating in neoplastic cases. No significant associations were found between seizure type and sex, reproductive status, or body weight. These findings provide new insights into seizure presentation, progression, and underlying pathology, supporting the importance of early diagnosis and individualized clinical management in canine epilepsy.

Canine Cognitive Dysfunction is a neurological condition, that causes dogs to experience a wide variety of clinical signs. On rare occasions the symptoms may be unusual and severe, therefore they reminiscent of another disease. In this case report a 16 year and 8-month-old intact female poodle presented with circling, head pressing, and generalized ataxia. Prior clinical and neurologic examinations indicated the neurolocalisation to be forebrain. Morphometric brain parameters in MRI indicated otherwise. Quantitative MRI parameters such as the ventricle-brain index, interthalamic adhesion thickness, area, and the ratio of the interthalamic adhesion thickness to brain height may aid in the diagnosis of CCD. A Disfunção Cognitiva Canina é uma condição neurológica, que faz com que os cães apresentem uma grande variedade de sinais clínicos. Em raras ocasiões, os sintomas podem ser incomuns e graves, portanto, lembram outras doenças. Neste relato de caso, uma cadela, da raça poodle, inteira de 16 anos e 8 meses de idade apresentou-se com movimentos circulares, pressão de cabeça e ataxia generalizada. Exames clínicos e neurológicos prévios indicaram que a neurolocalização era prosencéfalo. Os parâmetros morfométricos do cérebro na ressonância magnética indicaram o contrário. Parâmetros quantitativos de RM, como índice ventrículo-cérebro, espessura de adesão intertalâmica, área e a relação entre a espessura de adesão intertalâmica e a altura do cérebro podem auxiliar no diagnóstico de DCC.

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder in cats, but its seizure types, etiologies, and clinical associations remain incompletely characterized compared to dogs. This retrospective study analyzed 118 feline epilepsy cases from two veterinary hospitals in Finland and Lithuania, aiming to evaluate the distribution of seizure types and their associations with demographic, clinical, neurological, diagnostic, and diagnostic test results. Seizures were classified as single generalized (SG), cluster seizures (CS), or status epilepticus (SE). SG and CS occurred with nearly equal frequency (44.9% and 45.8%, respectively), while SE was less common (9.3%). Median age at presentation was 72 months, and no significant differences were found in age, sex, reproductive status, or body weight between seizure types. Abnormal clinical findings (p = 0.009) and neurological abnormalities (p < 0.001) were significantly more frequent in cats with SE, indicating greater neurological compromise in severe seizure forms. MRI was performed in 74.6% of cases and revealed a significant difference in utilization among seizure types (p = 0.004), with lower imaging rates in SE, likely reflecting clinical instability at presentation. Etiology of seizure development was established in 89 cats: idiopathic epilepsy (IE) predominated (80.9%), followed by structural (15.7%) and metabolic/toxic (3.4%) causes. Seizure type and etiology were significantly associated (p = 0.006), with structural epilepsy most common in SE and idiopathic epilepsy prevailing in SG and CS. Among cats with known outcomes (n = 35), seizure control was achieved in 68.6%, while mortality and euthanasia were higher in SE. These findings provide new insight into feline epilepsy by linking seizure type to clinical and etiological profiles, emphasizing that severe presentations are more often associated with neurological abnormalities and structural causes, whereas demographic factors alone do not predict seizure severity.

Periodontal disease is a progressive inflammatory condition frequently diagnosed in dogs, particularly in small breeds such as Yorkshire Terriers, Toy Terriers, Spitz, Toy Poodles and other breeds predisposed to rapid plaque and tartar accumulation. As the field of regenerative medicine becomes more popular, more and more attention is being paid to substances that promote tissue regeneration, one of which is platelet-rich plasma (PRP). PRP is an autologous blood-derived product rich in growth factors that stimulate tissue regeneration and modulate inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of PRP injections without additional activating agents in the management of stage 2–3 periodontitis in small-breed dogs. Forty-two adult dogs (Yorkshire Terriers, Toy Terriers, Pomeranians, Toy Poodles, and Havanese) were enrolled and divided into two groups: PRP (n = 30) and control (n = 12). Following standard dental prophylaxis, the PRP group received gingival, submucosal, and periodontal pocket injections of PRP (0.1 mL per site). Periodontitis stage, gingival index, periodontal pocket depth, and horizontal bone loss were evaluated at baseline and 30 days post-treatment. PRP therapy significantly improved all evaluated parameters (p < 0.05). The gingival index decreased threefold, periodontal pocket depth was reduced twofold, and horizontal bone loss decreased by more than twofold compared with baseline and controls. No adverse reactions, discomfort, or postoperative complications were observed. The administration of non-activated PRP as an adjunct to dental cleaning significantly enhances soft and hard tissue regeneration in small-breed dogs with stage 2–3 periodontitis. PRP therapy represents a safe, minimally invasive, and effective regenerative approach for improving periodontal health in routine veterinary dentistry.