Background:: It is essential to determine whether bone marrow signal changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represent a physiological response or pathology; at present, the clinical significance of these signal changes is unclear. It is unknown whether a bone marrow biopsy is required when bone marrow signal changes are detected incidentally in individuals without suspected malignancy. Objective:: The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether incidentally detected bone marrow signal changes on MRI performed for various reasons (at the time of admission or during follow-up) are clinically significant. Methods:: We retrospectively evaluated the bone marrow biopsy clinical and laboratory findings of 42 patients with incidental bone marrow signal changes on MRI between September 2016 and January 2020. We also determined whether the patients were diagnosed with malignancy during admission or follow-up. Results:: Of the 42 patients, three (7%) were diagnosed with hematological malignancies during admission, while two were diagnosed with multiple myeloma and one with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Of the 42 patients, 35 had a mean follow-up of 40.6 ± 5.3 months. One patient was diagnosed with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance four months after their first admission. Conclusions:: In addition to MRI, detailed clinical and laboratory evaluations should be performed to inform the decision for bone marrow biopsy and exclude hematological malignancy. If there is any doubt, a bone marrow biopsy should be performed. Moreover, since bone marrow signal changes may be a preliminary finding, follow-up of these patients is essential.

Backgroundand Objectives: Targeted therapies are increasingly used in the management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); however, real-world data from routine clinical practice remain limited. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 47 patients with CLL who received at least one targeted therapy at a tertiary university hospital. Clinical characteristics, treatment responses, and adverse events were assessed. A total of 58 treatment events were included. Results: Obinutuzumab, ibrutinib, and venetoclax were administered in 34.5%, 46.5%, and 19.0% of treatment events, respectively. Numerically higher response rates were observed in treatment events involving obinutuzumab compared with ibrutinib and venetoclax (92.9% vs. 54.5% and 55.6%, respectively); however, treatment allocation was not randomized and these findings should be interpreted descriptively. Median overall survival from initiation of the first targeted therapy was 30.9 months. Adverse events occurred in more than 80% of treatment events. Neutropenia was more frequent with obinutuzumab and venetoclax, whereas bleeding events were more common with ibrutinib. Conclusions: In this real-world cohort, targeted therapies showed response patterns and safety findings consistent with routine clinical practice. Obinutuzumab was more frequently prescribed in older and more comorbid patients, reflecting treatment patterns rather than comparative superiority. These findings should be considered descriptive and hypothesis-generating, given the retrospective and single-center design.

Background and Objectives: The optimal treatment strategy for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains uncertain because treatment selection is influenced by age, comorbidity, functional status, and disease biology. This study explored real-world outcomes with intensive and non-intensive treatment strategies. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 69 patients aged ≥ 65 years diagnosed with AML between 2012 and 2022 at a tertiary center. Treatment intensity was defined by regimen. Baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters were recorded. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using log-rank tests. Results: A total of 69 patients were included, with a median age of 71 years. Intensive and non-intensive therapies were administered in 24.2% and 75.8% of treated patients, respectively. The median PFS was 6.7 months, and the median OS was 7.8 months. One- and two-year OS rates were 29% and 9.2%, respectively. No significant differences in PFS or OS were observed between treatment intensity groups. Among response-evaluable patients, complete remission/complete remission with incomplete hematologic recovery (CR/CRi) was achieved in 58.0% of intensively treated patients and 43.3% of those receiving hypomethylating agent (HMA)-based therapy. Among the evaluated baseline variables, only Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status was significantly associated with overall survival. Patients with an ECOG performance status ≥ 2 had significantly shorter OS than those with ECOG <2 (median OS: 4.85 vs. 8.60 months, p = 0.009). Conclusions: In this real-world cohort of older patients with AML, no statistically significant differences in PFS or OS were observed between intensive and non-intensive treatment strategies. Although CR/CRi rates were numerically higher with intensive therapy, disease progression remained frequent among patients who achieved a response. ECOG performance status was significantly associated with overall survival, highlighting the relevance of functional status in individualized treatment selection. These findings should not be interpreted as evidence of therapeutic equivalence.

Survival rates of human immunodeficiency virus-positive subjects improved in recent years, especially due to innovations in current lymphoma treatments and the addition of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). This study presents demographic and clinical characteristics, prognosis, and survival data of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related lymphoma patients as a single-center experience. This retrospective study included 16 patients with AIDS-related lymphoma treated at our center between August 2010 and March 2022. Demographic data, clinical information, treatment details, and survival analysis of the patients were retrospectively reviewed from the relevant clinical archives. Fifteen out of 16 patients were males with a median age of 46.5 years (range, 24–71 years). The diagnoses were as follows: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in 6, Burkitt lymphoma in 4, Hodgkin lymphoma in 3, plasmablastic lymphoma in 1, primary central nervous system lymphoma in 1, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia in 1 out of 16 patients. Fifteen patients presented with an advanced stage at diagnosis. Diagnosis of AIDS preceded the onset of lymphoma in 11 patients. The time from human immunodeficiency virus infection to diagnosis of lymphoma was 23.8 months (range, 1–185 months). All patients received cART during lymphoma treatment. The treatment response was evaluated in all patients who completed the initial treatment. Eleven patients (68.8%) are still alive with a complete response. Antitumour treatments administered in conjunction with cART have a favorable impact on survival and response rates in this aggressive group of patients.

Aims: Relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) remains a therapeutic challenge due to treatment resistance, comorbidities, and limited options after multiple therapy lines. Carfilzomib, a second-generation proteasome inhibitor, has demonstrated efficacy when administered once weekly at 70 mg/m² in combination with dexamethasone (wKd70), offering a convenient and effective alternative to twice-weekly schedules.We conducted a retrospective analysis of 32 RRMM patients treated with wKd70 between 2018 and 2023 at a single referral center. Methods: Thirty-two RRMM patients were analyzed retrospectively. Patients with RRMM who received at least one course of carfilzomib at a dose of 70 mg/m² (administered on days 1, 8, and 15 of 28-day cycles) in combination with dexamethasone 40 mg/week were included in the study. Results: The median age was 57.5 years (range: 43–75), and patients had received a median of three prior therapy lines. The overall response rate (ORR) was 62.1% . Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 16 months, and median overall survival (OS) was 51 months . Prior autologous stem cell transplantation was associated with significantly improved PFS and OS. Adverse events were common but mostly mild (grades 1–2) forms. Conclusion: Our findings support wKd70 as an effective and well-tolerated treatment option for RRMM, even in heavily pretreated patients. The favorable survival outcomes compared to historical trials suggest a role for earlier use of this regimen.