Background/Objectives: The limited availability of labeled data, particularly in the medical domain, poses a significant challenge for training accurate diagnostic models. While deep learning techniques have demonstrated notable efficacy in image-based tasks, they require large annotated datasets. In data-scarce scenarios—especially involving rare diseases—their performance deteriorates significantly. Meta-learning offers a promising alternative by enabling models to adapt quickly to new tasks using prior knowledge and only a few labeled examples. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of representative meta-learning models for thoracic disease classification in chest X-rays. Methods: We conduct a comparative evaluation of four meta-learning models: Prototypical Networks, Relation Networks, MAML, and FoMAML. First, we assess five backbone architectures (ConvNeXt, DenseNet-121, ResNet-50, MobileNetV2, and ViT) using a Prototypical Network. The best-performing backbone is then used across all meta-learning models for fair comparison. Experiments are performed on the ChestX-ray14 dataset under a 2-way setting with multiple k-shot configurations. Results: Prototypical Networks combined with DenseNet-121 achieved the best performance, with a recall of 68.1%, an F1-score of 67.4%, and a precision of 0.693 in the 2-way, 10-shot configuration. In a disease-specific analysis, Hernia obtains the best classification results. Furthermore, Prototypical and Relation Networks demonstrate significantly higher computational efficiency, requiring fewer FLOPs and shorter execution times than MAML and FoMAML. Conclusions: Prototype-based meta-learning, particularly with DenseNet-121, proves to be a robust and computationally efficient approach for few-shot chest X-ray disease classification. These findings highlight its potential for real-world clinical applications, especially in scenarios with limited annotated medical data.