Biotechnology is reshaping dental public health by providing new tools for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of oral diseases at scale. Salivary biomarkers enable non-invasive, early detection of caries, periodontitis, and oral cancer. Tissue engineering and regenerative approaches, driven by stem cell signaling and bioactive scaffolds, offer biologically integrated repair. Genomic discoveries now allow polygenic risk profiling to complement social determinants in identifying vulnerable groups, while novel biomaterials, probiotics, and vaccine research expand options for sustainable caries prevention. These innovations are underpinned by molecular mechanisms such as inflammatory signaling, stem cell differentiation pathways, and antimicrobial activity. Their translation into public health practice requires attention to affordability, regulation, equity, and workforce integration. Harnessed effectively, biotechnology can help shift oral health systems toward more preventive and equitable models of care.