Radial artery spasm (RAS) is a common complication associated with transradial access (TRA) for coronary interventions, particularly affecting elderly patients in whom radial access is preferred due to its benefits in reducing bleeding complications, improving clinical outcomes, and lowering long-term costs. This review examines the incidence, prevention, and treatment of RAS. Methods included an online search of PubMed and other databases in early 2024, analyzing meta-analyses, reviews, studies, and case reports. RAS is characterized by a sudden narrowing of the radial artery due to psychological and mechanical factors with incidence reports varying up to 51.3%. Key risk factors include patient characteristics like female sex, age, and small body size as well as procedural factors such as emergency procedures and the use of multiple catheters. Preventive measures include using distal radial access, hydrophilic sheaths, and appropriate catheter sizes. Treatments involve the intraarterial administration of nitroglycerine and verapamil as well as mechanical methods like balloon-assisted tracking. This review underscores the need for standardizing RAS definitions and emphasizes the importance of operator experience and patient management in reducing RAS incidence and improving procedural success.

Background/Objectives: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) and angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) are cornerstone therapies for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, nearly 30% of patients show no significant response to CRT alone. The potential of ARNI to enhance CRT outcomes—especially in non-responders—is an emerging field of interest. The objective of this review is to systematically evaluate and synthesize the available evidence on the clinical outcomes of combining CRT with ARNI therapy in patients with HFrEF. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar up to September 2024, using the keywords “CRT and ARNI” and “cardiac resynchronization therapy and sacubitril/valsartan”. We included retrospective and prospective clinical studies, observational studies, and review articles reporting on patients with HFrEF treated with both CRT and ARNI. Studies not in English, animal studies, and those without full-text availability were excluded. Study selection and data extraction were performed in duplicate by independent reviewers, using PRISMA guidelines for transparency. The final selection included 8 studies published in the last four years, summarized by design, population, outcomes, and statistical significance. Results: The reviewed studies suggest that ARNI therapy, when combined with CRT, may contribute to improvements in left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), NYHA functional class, and ventricular remodeling, particularly in CRT non-responders. Some studies also report a potential reduction in ventricular arrhythmias and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) interventions. However, outcomes varied across subgroups, and the influence of ARNI timing relative to CRT implantation remains inconclusive. Limitations: Heterogeneity in study designs and small sample sizes in some included studies limited the ability to conduct a meta-analysis. This review is not registered. Conclusions: ARNI therapy shows promise in enhancing CRT response in patients with HFrEF, particularly in non-responders. Further large-scale, prospective studies are needed to clarify optimal patient selection and treatment sequencing.

Background: Cardiovascular disorders, especially atherosclerosis, have been associated with allergic inflammation. In addition to traditional inflammatory responses, there is evidence that the development and instability of coronary artery plaque may be influenced by effector cells of allergic inflammation. This review examines the phases of allergic pathology, the immunological mechanisms of atherosclerosis, and the clinical link between allergic diseases (asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and food allergy) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), along with future therapeutic perspectives. Material and Method: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Google scholar; ScienceDirect, Scopus, and studies published between 2014–2024 were taken into consideration. Keywords included allergic inflammation, eosinophils, mast cells, reactive oxygen species, atherosclerosis, Th2 cells, and cytokines. Epidemiological studies and review articles were included. Results: Emerging evidence suggests that allergic inflammation contributes to atherosclerosis through interconnected mechanisms such as eosinophil activation, reactive oxygen species production, mast cell degranulation, and endothelial dysfunction. Th2-driven immune responses, which are mediated by cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, as well as eosinophil activity and mast cell degranulation, play a crucial role in vascular inflammation and plaque progression. Additionally, changes in lipid metabolism contribute to this process. Epidemiological studies support this connection, indicating that patients with chronic allergic conditions such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis experience increased cardiovascular morbidity. However, most current data are observational, and our understanding of the underlying mechanisms in humans remains limited, often relying on insights gained from preclinical models. Conclusions: A potential mechanism for cardiovascular risk is suggested by the interaction between atherosclerosis and allergic inflammation. Promising alternatives for treating allergic inflammation and cardiovascular issues include novel treatments like cytokine inhibitors, mast cell stabilizers, and biologics that target certain pathways. Further research is necessary to see whether concentrating on allergy pathways could lead to innovative treatments for cardiovascular disorders or vice versa.

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) continues to impose a high burden of morbidity and mortality despite significant advances in pharmacologic and device-based therapy. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) and angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) have independently demonstrated substantial benefits in symptoms, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and survival. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR), incorporating structured exercise, education, and lifestyle optimization, is well established as an effective intervention in HFrEF, yet its role in the era of combined CRT and ARNI therapy remains insufficiently characterized. This literature review synthesizes current evidence on CR in HFrEF populations receiving CRT, ARNI, or both, highlighting its impact on HRQoL, exercise capacity, and functional outcomes. Across diverse study designs—including randomized trials, observational cohorts, and meta-analyses—CR consistently yielded clinically meaningful improvements in patient-reported HRQoL and objective measures such as six-minute walk distance (6MWD) and peak oxygen uptake. Data directly evaluating CR in patients concurrently receiving both CRT and ARNI are lacking; indirect evidence suggests CR is compatible with, and may add to, contemporary device and drug therapy. However, referral rates remain low, indicating an implementation gap despite strong evidence of benefit. The review underscores the importance of integrating CR into contemporary HFrEF care and identifies a pressing need for targeted prospective studies to define its role in patients receiving dual device–pharmacologic therapy.

Background and Objectives: Radial artery spasm (RAS) is a frequent complication during invasive angiography using the transradial approach, leading to patient discomfort and procedural challenges. While intra-arterial nitroglycerine (NTG) effectively reduces RAS after sheath insertion, preprocedural prevention strategies are limited. This study evaluates the efficacy of topical NTG in improving radial artery puncture success and reducing RAS incidence. Materials and Methods: In a randomized, double-blind single-center study 100 patients undergoing angiography were pretreated with either topical NTG or placebo. Outcomes assessed included RAS incidence, radial artery puncture success, number of attempts, procedural duration, patient discomfort, and complications. RAS was evaluated angiographically and clinically, with additional subgroup analyses for diabetic and smoking patients. Results: Topical NTG significantly reduced RAS incidence (53.2% vs. 73.6%; p = 0.0349) and increased radial puncture success on the first attempt (89.4% vs. 77.4%; p = 0.0488). Diabetic patients particularly benefited from NTG application, with lower RAS rates (36.4% vs. 76.2%; p = 0.0296). No significant differences were observed in procedural duration, patient discomfort, or complication rates between groups. The placebo group demonstrated a higher incidence of diffuse RAS (p = 0.0109). Conclusions: Preprocedural topical NTG application is a safe, non-invasive intervention that improves radial artery access success and reduces RAS, especially in high-risk subgroups such as diabetics. These findings support its potential as a procedural optimization tool in cardiovascular interventions, particularly in patients with heart failure, who often require repeated and reliable vascular access.

Background: Radial artery spasm remains a frequent complication during transradial coronary and peripheral angiography. Despite its impact on procedural success and patient discomfort, consistent predictors remain elusive, as does a standard definition. Objectives: This study aimed to identify independent clinical, hemodynamic, and anatomical predictors of radial artery spasm using data from a single-operator, real-world cohort of patients undergoing both elective and emergency procedures, utilizing an angiographic definition of radial artery spasm. Methods: A retrospective observational analysis was conducted on 96 patients with successful radial artery access. Radial artery spasm was objectively defined as >50% luminal narrowing on radial angiography. Patient demographics, procedural characteristics, comorbidities, and arterial parameters were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify significant predictors. Results: Radial artery spasm occurred in 62.5% of patients. Univariate analysis identified lower height, weight, smaller radial artery diameter, higher pain scores, and lower diastolic blood pressure as associated with radial artery spasm. In multivariate analysis, only lower body weight (β = −0.043, p = 0.0307) and smaller radial artery diameter (β = −1.352, p = 0.0200) remained independent predictors. Age, sex, and most comorbidities, including diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and peripheral artery disease, showed no significant association. Clinically, these findings suggest that simple pre-procedural assessment of patient weight and radial artery diameter may help operators identify individuals at higher risk of radial spasm, allowing for tailored preventive strategies and potentially improving procedural comfort and success. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that low body weight and small radial artery diameter are significant independent predictors of angiographic radial artery spasm, highlighting the importance of anatomical considerations over demographic or clinical factors. Preprocedural assessment of radial artery size may enhance risk stratification and guide preventive strategies. Further multicenter validation is warranted. Incorporating routine evaluation of radial artery size and body habitus into pre-procedural assessment may help identify patients who could benefit from tailored preventive approaches—such as smaller sheath sizes, increased vasodilator use, or ultrasound-guided puncture—to optimize procedural success and patient comfort.