The mechanical interlocking structure design was applied to the transient liquid phase bonding of GH4169 based on the bionic structure of the beetle’s exoskeleton. The microstructures and tensile fracture behaviors of the joints with circular, elliptical, and isosceles-trapezoid interlocking structures were investigated. The results show that the mechanical properties of the joint can be improved through bio-inspired structural design. Among them, the elliptical interlocking structure exhibits the most significant strengthening effect. The elliptical interlocking structure can effectively hinder crack propagation, resulting in the highest strength, plasticity, and stress-rupture lifetimes of the joint. The tensile strength of the joint with elliptical interlocking structure at room temperature and 923 K was 1006 MPa and 905 MPa, respectively. Under 690 MPa/923 K, the stress-rupture lifetime of the joint with elliptical structure reached 28.93 h.