Hypertension is a major public health problem worldwide with increasing prevalence. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of hypertension and related risk factors among adult population in Afyonkarahisar region. In this cross-sectional research, regarding the population distribution totally 2035 subjects, randomly selected from 75 different parts of our city, both the urban and the rural areas, were included in this epidemiologic research. After the administration of a questionnaire to the subjects, blood samples were taken and physical examinations were performed. Socio-demographic features, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, family history of hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), smoking, and number of births were evaluated as possible risk factors for hypertension. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test, Chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 24.2% (31.3% in women, 14.1% in men, p<0.001). Its prevalence increased with age (from 2.2% to 50.4%, p<0.001). Age, gender, DM, family history of hypertension, body mass index (BMI), CHD and income levels were significant risk factors. Diabetic patients had 2.35 times (95%CI 1.70-3.25: p<0.0001) more risk, people who had positive family history 2.23 times (95%CI 1.62-3.07: p<0.0001) more risk and those with high BMI 2.15 times (95%CI 1.66-2.78: p<0.0001) more risk to develop HT than who did not have these factors. In addition, women have 2.74 times (95%CI 2.08-3.62: p<0.0001), more risk than men for HT. We determined CHD and low income as other risk factors for HT (OR=2.32, 95%CI 1.48-3.64: p<0.0001) and OR=1.47, 95%CI 1.08-2.02: p=0.016 respectively). Hypertension is an important health problem in our region. We think that it is possible to reduce the hypertension prevalence with lifestyle changes and educating people, regarding the risk factors.

The main objective of this study was to analyze the mortality trends of female breast cancer in Turkey between the years 1987-2008. The rates per 100,000 age-standardized to the European standard population were assessed and time trends presented using joinpoint regression analysis. Average annual percent change (AAPC), anual percent change (APC) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. Nearly 23,000 breast cancer deaths occurred in Turkey during the period 1987-2008, with the average annual age-standardized mortality rate (ASR) being 11.9 per 100,000 women. In the last five years, significant increases were observed in all age groups, but there was no significant change over the age of 65. In this period, the biggest significant increase was in the 45-54 age group (AAPC=4.3, 95%CI=2.6 to 6.0).

Neutrality tests are used to test whether there is balance in the populations. And they are also used to test whether there is selection on an allele from a large number of alleles in the populations. Statistical tests for neutrality are important and useful tools for population genetics. Since the development of molecular genetics techniques allowed to obtain nucleotide sequences for the study of population genetics, a number of neutrality tests have been developed with the objective to facilitate the interpretation of an increasing volume of molecular data. Since Motoo Kimura (1968) first suggested that most polymorphisms are selectively neutral testing the neutral hypothesis has been one of the prime objectives of molecular population genetics. A number of statistical tests for neutrality have been developed in recent decades. Statistical tests for neutrality have been widely used in population genetics analyses, not only to reject the neutral theory but also as summary statistics to facilitate the interpretation of DNA sequence data in populations. Although most of these tests were originally developed to detect the effect of positive selection, they are also affected by demographic processes. An important family of neutrality tests is based on the frequency spectrum of nucleotide polymorphisms. The classical tests of this family are proposed by Tajima (1989), Fu and Li (1993), Fay and Wu (2000) and by Zeng (2006). This article focuses on describing these statistical methods and their rationale. Simulations indicate that Tajima's test is generally most powerful among tests within this class.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, Afyonkarahisar ilinde obezite prevalansı ve obezite için risk faktörlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmamızda, ilçe merkezleri ve taşra dahil, ildeki 75 farklı bölgeden yaş ve cinsiyet oranlarına göre tabakalar oluşturuldu ve bu tabakalardan kolayda örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak seçilen 1947 (yaş >18) kişinin bilgileri kullanıldı. Obezite açısından risk oluşturabileceği düşünülen sosyodemografik özellikler ile diyabetes mellitus (DM), hipertansiyon (HT), koroner arter hastalığı (KAH), hiperlipidemi, sigara kullanımı öyküsü, bel ağrısı ve gebelik sayısı risk faktörleri olarak değerlendirmeye alındı. Beden kitle indeksi (BKİ) ?30 kg/m2 obezite olarak kabul edildi. Lojistik regresyon analizi kullanılarak kadınlarda ve erkeklerde obeziteyi etkileyen risk faktörleri değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Bölgemizde obezite prevalansı %31.7 (%95 güven aralığı= %29-34) (kadınlarda %39.8, erkeklerde %20.7) olarak bulundu. Erkeklerde 60-69 yaş grubunda, kadınlarda ise 50-59 yaş grubunda obezitenin daha yaygın olduğu, ileri yaşlarda ise obezitenin düştüğü belirlendi. Bütün yaş gruplarında kadınların obezite prevalansı erkeklerden oldukça yüksektir. HT'u olan kadınlarda (%53.7) ve erkeklerde (%35.7) obezitenin daha yaygın olduğu tespit edildi. Bireylerin diyabetli olması erkeklerde obezite için önemli iken kadınlarda önemsiz olarak bulundu. Bel ağrısı yaşayan kadınlarda obezite prevalansı daha yüksek iken erkeklerde fark değildi. Ayrıca beş ve daha fazla gebelik geçiren kadınlar ile düşük eğitim düzeyine sahip kadınların daha obez olduğu belirlendi. Erkeklerde gelir düzeyi artıkça obezite oranı düşerken kadınlarda bir farklılık ortaya çıkmadı. Kadınlarda; bel ağrısı yaşanması, yaşlanma, hiperlipidemi ve erken yaşta evlilik, erkeklerde ise; hiperlipidemi, sigara kullanmama ve yaş obeziteyi etkileyen risk faktörleri olarak belirlendi. Sonuç: Obezite bölgemizde önemli bir sağlık sorunudur. Risk faktörleri göz önüne alınarak obezite prevalansının azaltılmasının mümkün olacağını düşünmekteyiz.