Ovarian aging, marked by follicle depletion and oocyte quality decline, involves complex metabolic alterations. This review synthesizes evidence that dysregulated metabolic reprogramming, encompassing energy, lipid, and nutrient metabolism, drives ovarian functional decline. Central to this process is a self-reinforcing “metabolism-epigenetics-immunity” triangular network, where mitochondrial dysfunction and NAD⁺ depletion disrupt epigenetic regulation and activate chronic inflammation, collectively accelerating follicular atresia and hormonal dysfunction. By integrating this mechanistic framework, we highlight emerging intervention strategies targeting metabolic hubs, such as mitochondrial rescue and senescent cell clearance, which offer new avenues for preserving ovarian function. This work provides a conceptual foundation for developing personalized strategies to mitigate reproductive aging and its systemic health impacts.

Objective: To elucidate the neural mechanisms through which neonatal exposure to low‐dose anesthetic isoflurane (ISO) enhances adult fear memory, specifically examining neural oscillations and activation patterns in the mediodorsal thalamus (MDL), dentate gyrus (DG), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and medial entorhinal cortex (MEC). Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice received 0.75% ISO or saline injections at postnatal day 7 (P7). At 6 months, contextual fear‐memory testing was conducted (Saline + Air: n = 14; Saline + ISO: n = 13). Neural correlates were assessed via in vivo electrophysiology during behavioral tasks and c‐Fos immunohistochemistry in the MDL, DG, ACC, and MEC. Results: ISO‐exposed mice exhibited significantly enhanced fear memory, with >75% displaying freezing as the dominant conditional response (vs. controls). This was accompanied by increased c‐Fos+ cell density in the MDL and altered slow gamma oscillation power in fear‐processing circuits. Non‐freezing responses (e.g., jumping/darting) were reduced in the Saline + ISO group. Interpretation: Early low‐dose ISO intervention in neonatal mice enhances adult fear memory, potentially through MDL activation and slow gamma oscillation modulation. These findings indicate that low‐dose ISO may improve cognitive function by optimizing fear memory consolidation, contrasting with known detrimental effects of high‐dose anesthetics on neurodevelopment.