Let $i≥2$, $Δ≥0$, $1≤ a≤ b-Δ$, $n>\frac{(a+b)(ib+2m-2)}{a}+n'$ and $δ(G)≥\frac{b^{2}}{a}+n'+2m$, and let $g,f$ be two integer-valued functions defined on $V(G)$ such that $a≤ g(x)≤ f(x)-Δ≤ b-Δ$ for each $x∈ V(G)$. In this article, it is determined that $G$ is a fractional $(g,f,n',m)$-critical deleted graph if $\max\{d_{1},d_{2},···,d_{i}\}≥\frac{b(n+n')}{a+b}$ for any independent subset $\{x_{1},x_{2},..., x_{i}\}\subseteq V(G)$. The result is tight on independent set degree condition.

In this study, the design of a novel model based on nonlinear third-order Emden–Fowler delay differential (EF-DD) equations is presented along with two types using the sense of delay differential and standard form of the second-order EF equation. The singularity at ξ = 0 at single or multiple points of each type of the designed EF-DD model are discussed. The detail of shape factors and delayed points is provided for both types of the designed third-order EF-DD model. For the verification and validation of the model, two numerical examples are presented of each case and numerical results have been performed using the artificial neural network along with the hybrid of global and local capabilities. The comparison of the obtained numerical results with the exact solutions shows the perfection and correctness of the designed third-order EF-DD model.

In the present investigation, a novel neuro-swarming intelligence-based numerical computing solver is developed for solving second order non-linear singular periodic (NSP) boundary value problems (BVPs), i.e., NSP-BVPs, using the modeling strength of artificial neural networks (ANN) optimized with global search efficacy of particle swarm optimization (PSO) supported with the methodology of rapid local search by interior-point scheme (IPS), i.e., ANN-PSO-IPS. In order to check the proficiency, robustness, and stability of the designed ANN-PSO-IPS, two numerical problems of the NSP-BVPs have been presented for different numbers of neurons. The outcomes of the proposed ANN-PSO-IPS are compared with the available exact solutions to establish the worth of the solver in terms of accuracy and convergence, which is further endorsed through results of statistical performance metrics based on multiple implementations.

The present study is related to the effects of activation energy and thermophoretic diffusion on steady micropolar fluid along with Brownian motion. The activation energy and thermal conductivity of steady micropolar fluid are also discussed. The equation of motion, angular momentum, temperature, concentration, and their boundary conditions are presented for the micropolar fluid. The detail of geometry reveals the effects of several parameters on the parts of the system. The nonlinear partial differential equations are converted into nonlinear ordinary differential equations, and a famous shooting scheme is used to present the numerical solutions. The comparison of the obtained results by the shooting technique and the numerical bvp4c technique is presented. The behavior of local skin friction numbers and couple stress number is tabulated for different parameters, and some figures are plotted to present the different parameters. For uplifting the values of AE for parameter λ^A, the concentration profile is increased because of the Arrhenius function, and AE increases with the reduction of this function. The increasing values of the parameter of rotation G show the decrement in velocity because of the rotation of the particle of the fluid, so the linear motion decreases. Thermophoresis is responsible for shifting the molecules within the fluid, and due to this, an increment in boundary layer thickness is found, so by a greater value of Nt, the concentration profile decreases and temperature profile goes down.