In recent years, rapid progress in autonomous driving has been achieved through advances in sensing, control, and earning. However, as the complexity of traffic scenarios increases, ensuring safe interaction among vehicles remains a formidable challenge. Recent works combining artificial potential fields (APFs) with game-theoretic methods have shown promise in modeling vehicle interactions and avoiding collisions. However, these approaches often suffer from overly conservative decisions or fail to capture the nonlinear dynamics of real-world driving. To address these imitations, we propose a novel framework that integrates mean field game (MFG) theory with model predictive control (MPC) and quadratic programming (QP). Our approach everages the aggregate behavior of surrounding vehicles to predict interactive effects and embeds these predictions into an MPC-QP scheme for real-time control. Simulation results in complex driving scenarios demonstrate that our method achieves multiple autonomous driving tasks while ensuring collision-free operation. Furthermore, the proposed framework outperforms popular game-based benchmarks in terms of achieving driving tasks and producing fewer collisions.

Traditional liquid electrolyte batteries face safety concerns such as leakage and flammability, while further optimization has reached a bottleneck. Solid electrolytes are therefore considered a promising solution. Here, a PEO–LiTFSI–LATP (PELT) composite electrolyte was developed by incorporating nanosized Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃ fillers into a polyethylene oxide matrix, effectively reducing crystallinity, enhancing mechanical robustness, and providing additional Li⁺ transport channels. The PELT electrolyte exhibited an electrochemical stability window of 4.9 V, an ionic conductivity of 1.2 × 10⁻⁴ S·cm⁻¹ at 60 °C, and a Li⁺ transference number (tLi+) of 0.46, supporting stable Li plating/stripping for over 600 h in symmetric batteries. More importantly, to address poor electrode–electrolyte contact in conventional layered cells, we proposed an integrated electrode–electrolyte architecture by in situ coating the PELT precursor directly onto LiFePO₄ cathodes. This design minimized interfacial impedance, improved ion transport, and enhanced electrochemical stability. The integrated PELT/LFP battery retained 74% of its capacity after 200 cycles at 1 A·g⁻¹ and showed superior rate capability compared with sandwich-type batteries. These results highlight that coupling LATP-enhanced polymer electrolytes with an integrated architecture is a promising pathway toward high-safety, high-performance solid-state lithium-ion batteries.

This study systematically investigates the hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of AA3102 aluminum alloy through isothermal uniaxial compression tests conducted at 400–550 °C and strain rates of 0.01–10 s⁻¹. Previous studies on 3xxx-series Al–Mn alloys have mainly considered temperature and strain-rate effects while neglecting strain-dependent material parameter variations, limiting prediction accuracy under large deformation and obscuring dynamic softening mechanisms. Here, the experimental flow stress data were corrected for interfacial friction and adiabatic temperature rise. A sixth-order strain-compensated Arrhenius constitutive model was then developed to describe the coupled effects of temperature, strain rate, and strain. Full-strain-range power dissipation and flow instability maps were constructed using the dynamic material model, while optical microscopy and DEFORM-3D simulations were employed to clarify microstructural evolution and deformation inhomogeneity. The model achieved a correlation coefficient of 0.9841 and an average absolute relative error of 3.67%, demonstrating high predictive accuracy. No flow instability was detected within the investigated range, indicating excellent hot formability. The favorable compression-processing window was identified as 500–550 °C and 0.1–1 s⁻¹, while the peak power-dissipation efficiency increased from 30.55% at $\epsilon = 0.2$ to 32.90% at $\epsilon = 0.8$. Optical-microstructural observations suggest that increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate are associated with an increasing contribution of dynamic recrystallization relative to dynamic recovery. Finite-element results further reveal pronounced spatial variations in strain, temperature, strain rate, and stress during compression. These findings provide baseline constitutive and thermomechanical information for subsequent AA3102 hot-extrusion optimization.

Silicon is a promising anode for solid-state lithium batteries because of its high theoretical capacity, but large lithiation-induced volume changes and unstable electrode/electrolyte contact remain major challenges. Here, a contact-adaptive solid-state silicon (Si) architecture is developed by coupling an electrostatically assembled silicon/reduced graphene oxide (Si@rGO) nanosheet anode with a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)–lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI)–ethylene carbonate (EC) electrolyte reinforced with 10 wt% Ta-doped Li_6.5La₃Zr_1.5Ta_0.5O₁₂ (LLZTO), hereafter denoted PEC-T. Trace EC promotes Li-salt solvation and PEO plasticization, while LLZTO suppresses polymer crystallization and reinforces ion transport. PEC-T shows a reduced melting temperature from 66.7 to 51.4 °C, improved tensile strength and elongation, an ionic conductivity of 3.0 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ at 30 °C, a Li⁺ transference number of 0.57, and an oxidative stability limit of ~4.5 V. It also supports stable Li plating/stripping for 600 h at 0.1 mA cm⁻². Meanwhile, the rGO framework mitigates irreversible Si thickness evolution and preserves interfacial integrity. Consequently, Si@rGO/PEC-T/Li batteries deliver strong rate capability and maintain 1.8 Ah g⁻¹ after 250 cycles at 1 C, demonstrating a coupled chemo-mechanical strategy for stable solid-state silicon batteries.

This work characterizes oil film evolution and predicts the hydrostatic-to-hydrodynamic dominance transition in low-speed heavy-duty journal bearings under starved lubrication induced by insufficient inlet pressure, accounting for the thermo-viscous coupling effect. A thermo-viscous coupling model (TVCM) based on the Vogel equation is established and compared with the conventional constant viscosity model (CVM). Analyses are conducted with VG460, VG680, and VG1000 lubricants at rotational speeds of 10–50 rpm. Results show that the CVM systematically overestimates temperature rise and effective viscosity by neglecting the negative feedback among temperature rise, viscosity attenuation, and reduced heat generation, with deviations increasing with rotational speed and lubricant viscosity. Under insufficient oil supply, load-carrying capacity rises rapidly then stabilizes, reflecting the hydrostatic-to-hydrodynamic dominance transition. In the hydrodynamic-dominated stage, a dominance shift between hydrodynamic enhancement and thermal softening is identified: the peak load point marks the switching of dominant factors, and the corresponding critical speed decreases with rising lubricant viscosity. This transition is accompanied by a failure mode shift from global oil film breakdown to localized high-temperature adhesive wear and fatigue spalling. These findings provide a theoretical basis for formulating emergency speed limits and safe operation strategies for journal bearings under insufficient oil supply.

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) has opened a route to multi-material metallic components in which material composition, geometry and local function can be arranged within the same part. Most existing discussions emphasize whether dissimilar materials can be bonded successfully. This article shifts the focus from interface feasibility to process-aware spatial material design. The central question is not only how two materials can be joined, but how their locations, transition paths, local process windows and post-build reliability should be planned together. Multi-material LPBF is discussed as a design-to-manufacturing problem involving material-layout definition, thermal compatibility, powder delivery, local melt-pool control, data representation, simulation and service-oriented qualification. Particular attention is given to graded transitions, intralayer material placement, hybrid metal/polymer or metal/ceramic layouts, machine-learning-assisted parameter selection, powder cross-contamination and application-driven design in biomedical, energy, electronic and aerospace components. The review suggests that future work should move from isolated interface demonstrations toward validated design rules that link material distribution, local microstructure, defects and service performance.