This study proposes a conceptual model that explains the influence of leadership on the relationship between human intelligence (HI) and artificial intelligence (AI). A qualitative, non-systematic literature review was conducted in Scopus and Web of Science of the literature published in the last 5 years, using Boolean combinations of the terms “leadership,” “artificial intelligence,” and “human intelligence.” The thematic analysis allowed the identification of conceptual patterns and research gaps; the model elaborated from the review shows that leadership has an ethical and strategic mediation in the HI-AI relationship in a hybrid space of cooperation, in which automated decisions are put in real context through human judgment and reasoning; ethical governance mechanisms emerge for systems supported by artificial intelligence; and finally, a balancing mechanism to algorithmic efficiency is established through cognitive adaptability. The proposed framework offers organizations some guidelines for human supervision processes for AI-supported systems that integrate ethical evaluations into automated processes. It proposes elements—leadership tools that enhance the relationship between human intelligence and artificial intelligence. This article contributes to the management of organizations by proposing a model that recognizes leadership as a dynamic facilitator between HI and AI, integrating transdisciplinary knowledge of management, technological ethics, and cognitive science, and proposing an ethical interrelationship in the decision-making architectures between HI and AI. The proposed model establishes leadership mediation of human–AI interaction through four axes showing how leadership acts as the axis that brings together human and technological systems to work together. Hierarchical interaction creates a hybrid interaction that is highly flexible, efficient, and has ethical oversight. Finally, the proposed model is an open system that interacts with the environment and is understood as a flexible tool to support strategic decision-making in complex environments.

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly integrated into organizational processes to enhance efficiency, decision-making, and innovation, aligning AI systems with human teams remains a major challenge to realizing their full potential. Although academic interest is growing, the conceptual landscape of human–AI relationships remains fragmented. This study employs a bibliometric co-word analysis of 4093 peer-reviewed documents indexed in Scopus to map the intellectual structure of the field. Using a strategic diagram, we assess the relevance and maturity of five major thematic clusters identified in the field. Results highlight the structural dominance of Human–AI Interactions (Centrality: 1595), Human–AI Collaboration (1150), and Teaming and Augmentation (1131) as foundational themes, while Conversational AI (655), and Ethics and Responsibility (431) emerge as specialized domains. Based on the analysis, we propose a conceptual framework that classifies human–AI relationships into four categories—symbiotic, augmented, assisted, and substituted intelligence—according to the level of AI autonomy and human involvement. Rather than providing prescriptive guidance for practitioners, this framework is intended primarily as a scholarly contribution that clarifies the conceptual landscape and supports future theoretical and empirical work. While potential implications for organizational contexts can be inferred, these are secondary to the study’s main goal of offering a research-based synthesis of the field. Ultimately, our work contributes to academic consolidation by offering conceptual clarity and highlighting opportunities for future research, while underscoring the critical need for ethical alignment and interdisciplinary dialogue to guide future AI adoption.

El objetivo de este artículo es identificar grupos estratégicos en el sector privado de un sistema de educación superior. Las técnicas de clasificación tienden a comparar conjuntamente a las instituciones de educación superior privadas con sus contrapartes públicas, y corren el riesgo de subestimar el impacto del mercado como fuente de diferenciación institucional. En este artículo, se propone una clasificación que permite superar estas limitaciones. Para ello, se aplican técnicas de clasificación basadas en indicadores de la oferta de formación como variables explicativas de las estrategias de absorción de la demanda. Como resultado, el artículo ofrece una clasificación de las instituciones privadas en un conjunto de grupos estratégicos, y analiza la relación entre sus características institucionales y las estrategias que las diferencian. La aplicación empírica se ha llevado a cabo en el sistema de educación superior colombiano, ya que cuenta con unos de los mayores índices de privatización en el mundo. Nuestros resultados indican que la educación a distancia, la oferta de programas técnicos y tecnológicos, y la formación posgradual son estrategias determinantes en la diferenciación de las instituciones colombianas. La aproximación empleada en el artículo podría utilizarse para abordar las posibles vías de crecimiento o expansión de las instituciones privadas en función de su identidad estratégica, contribuyendo así a la sostenibilidad y competitividad de los sistemas de educación superior.

Numerous benefits for the skin are attributed to Cannabis sativa creating an uprisal of cosmetics that include it in their formula.This paper aims to evaluate some over-the-counter cannabis cosmetics in the Colombian market, looking forward to answer if those are recommended for dermocosmetic use. In order to accomplish this objective, there was a systematic review conducted of the ingredients and characteristics of 98 cannabis cosmetics with valid sanitary disclaimer in the country. This review showed that most (90%) of the cannabis cosmetics available in Colombia are produced inside the country. 44% of the evaluated products include CBD in their formula, 35% use hemp seed extract, while 11% combine those ingredients in some way.The analysis of the ingredients revealed several weaknesses in the composition of the cannabis cosmetics evaluated that limit their dermocosmetic use. In some cases, the ingredients included represent risks for the skin’s health. The results from this review lead to conclude that cannabis cosmetics sold in the country do not have efficacy or safety tests to ensure their dermocosmetic use or many of the effects claimed on their labels. Due to the number of cannabis cosmetics sold over the counter, it is recommended that consumers verify if the products have any clinical evidence that supports their dermocosmetic use. A los ingredientes provenientes de la Cannabis sativa se les atribuyen numerosos beneficios para la piel, lo que ha dado lugar al aumento vertiginoso de cosméticos que la incluyen en su formulación. El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar los cosméticos cannábicos de venta libre en Colombia, con especial interés en responder a la pregunta, sí estos son recomendables para su uso dermocosmético. Para cumplir con este objetivo se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de los ingredientes y las características de 98 productos cosméticos para el cuidado de la piel con Notificación Sanitaria Obligatoria-NSO vigente en el país. A grandes rasgos, está revisión arrojó que la mayoría (90%) de los cosméticos cannábicos disponibles en Colombia son fabricados en el país. El 44% incluye en su formulación CBD, el 35% utiliza extractos de semilla de cannabis, mientras que el 11% combina estos dos ingredientes. El análisis de los ingredientes reveló varias debilidades en la composición de estos productos que limitan su uso dermocosmético. En algunos otros casos, se observaron ingredientes que incluso podrían representar riesgos para la salud de la piel. Los hallazgos de esta revisión llevan a concluir que los cosméticos cannábicos comercializados en el país no cuentan con estudios de aceptabilidad y eficacia que respalden su uso dermocosmético, ni tampoco con pruebas que justifiquen muchas de las acciones cosméticas que indican en sus etiquetas. Dado la gran cantidad de opciones de cosméticos cannábicos de venta libre, es recomendable que los consumidores verifiquen si estos cosméticos cuentan con evidencia clínica que justifique su uso dermocosmético.