This study presents a numerical method for evaluating the maintainability of a dual-axis solar tracking system that can be deployed in residential areas for improved energy production. The purpose of this research manuscript is threefold. It targets the following objectives: (i) First, we present the construction of a self-sufficient dual-axis solar tracking system based on a low-power electronic schematic that requires only one motor driver to control the azimuth and elevation angles of the photovoltaic (PV) panel. The automated system’s main electronic equipment comprises 1 × Arduino Mega2560 microcontroller unit (MCU), 1 × TB6560 stepper driver module, 2 × stepper motors, 2 × relay modules, 1 × solar charge controller, 1 × accumulator, and 1 × voltage convertor. Additional hardware components such as photoresistors, mechanical limit switches, rotary encoders, voltage, and current sensors are also included to complete the automation cycle of the solar tracking system. (ii) Second, the Arduino Mega 2560 prototyping board is replaced by a custom-made and low-cost application-specific printed circuit board (ASPCB) based on the AVR controller. The MCU’s possible fault domain is then further defined by examining the risks of the poor manufacturing process, which can lead to stuck-at-0 (Sa0) and stuck-at-1 (Sa1) defects. Besides these issues, other challenges such as component modularity, installation accessibility, and hardware failures can affect the automated system’s serviceability. (iii) Third, we propose a novel set of maintenance-oriented metrics that combine the previously identified variables to provide a maintainability index (MI), which serves as a valuable tool for evaluating, optimizing, and maintaining complex systems such as solar tracking devices. The experimental data show that the computed MI improves the system’s maintainability and enhances repair operations, increasing uptime.

This paper presents an improved mathematical model for calculating the solar test factor (STF) and solar reliability factor (SRF) of a photovoltaic (PV) automated equipment. By employing a unified metrics system and a combined testing suite encompassing various energy-efficient testing techniques, the aim of this paper is to determine a general fault coverage and improve the global SRF of a closed-loop dual-axis solar tracking system. Accelerated testing coupled with reliability analysis are essential tools for assessing the performance of modern solar tracking devices since PV system malfunctioning is directly connected to economic loss, which is an important aspect for the solar energy domain. The experimental results show that the unified metrics system is potentially suitable for assessing the reliability evaluation of many types of solar tracking systems. Additionally, the proposed combined testing platform proves efficient regarding fault coverage (overall coverage of 66.35% for all test scenarios), test time (an average of 275 min for 2864 test cycles), and power consumption (zero costs regarding electricity consumption for all considered test cases) points of view.

This paper presents a mathematical approach for determining the reliability of solar tracking systems based on three fault coverage-aware metrics which use system error data from hardware, software as well as in-circuit testing (ICT) techniques, to calculate a solar test factor (STF). Using Euler’s named constant, the solar reliability factor (SRF) is computed to define the robustness and availability of modern, high-performance solar tracking systems. The experimental cases which were run in the Mathcad software suite and the Python programming environment show that the fault coverage-aware metrics greatly change the test and reliability factor curve of solar tracking systems, achieving significantly reduced calculation steps and computation time.

This paper presents a modified global energy production computation formula that replaces the traditional Performance Ratio (PR) with a novel Solar Reliability Factor (SRF) for mobile solar tracking systems. The SRF parameter describes the reliability and availability of a dual-axis solar tracker, which powers a smart home automation system entirely by using clean energy. By applying the SRF in the global energy production formula of solar tracking systems, we can predict the energy generation in real time, allowing proper energy management of the entire smart home automation system. Regarding static deployed Photovoltaic (PV) systems, the PR factor is preserved to compute the power generation of these devices accurately. Experimental results show that the energy production computation constantly fluctuates over several days due to the SRF parameter variation, showing a 26.11% reduction when the dual-axis solar tracker’s availability is affected by system errors and maximum power generation when the solar tracking device is operating in optimal conditions.

This paper investigates the reliability of a dual-axis solar tracking system using Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), and Reliability Block Diagrams (RBD). The system’s control and data transfer subsystems are evaluated under indoor and outdoor conditions using failure rate data. Key vulnerabilities—particularly sensor degradation—are modeled through probabilistic analysis. Results show a significant drop in reliability (to 15.02%) in harsh environments, primarily due to light sensor failures. However, mitigation strategies such as Built-In Self-Test (BIST) architectures improve test coverage, thereby increasing the chance of fault detection. The findings highlight the need for reliability-focused design in solar trackers to ensure long-term energy efficiency and fault resilience.

This paper presents a Data Science-oriented application for image classification tasks that is able to automatically: a) gather images needed for training Deep Learning (DL) models with a built-in search engine crawler; b) remove duplicate images; c) sort images using built-in pre-trained DL models or user’s own trained DL model; d) apply data augmentation; e) train a DL classification model; f) evaluate the performance of a DL model and system by using an accuracy calculator as well as the Accuracy Per Consumption (APC), Accuracy Per Energy Cost (APEC), Time to closest APC (TTCAPC) and Time to closest APEC (TTCAPEC) metrics calculators. Experimental results show that the proposed Computer Vision application has several unique features and advantages, proving to be efficient regarding execution time and much easier to use when compared to similar applications.