Objective: To compare the clinical and laboratory findings and short-term outcomes of those children diagnosed with COVID-19 in the first and second waves of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at a suburban community hospital during a 1-year period. All children who were less than 18 years of age and confirmed with COVID-19 were included in the study population. The demographics, clinical features, laboratories, treatments given, hospitalizations, and outcomes were analyzed. Results: A total of 198 patients were enrolled; median age was 9.3 years. One-hundred four patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 disease in the first wave and 94 (47.5%) patients were diagnosed in the second wave of the pandemic. Those patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 in the first wave of the pandemic were significantly younger than those in the second wave (medians: 2.7 years vs. 15 years respectively, P < .001). Intra-familial contact was detected in 66.4% vs. 33.6% in the first and second waves of the pandemic, respectively (P < .001). Asymptomatic patients were higher in the second wave than in the first wave (P < .001). Additionally, moderate-to-critically ill patients were significantly higher in the first wave than in the second wave (P < .001). The rate of multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) cases was 0.32% in this study. Conclusion: In children, COVID-19 disease affected older children, there was less intra-familial contact and the severity of the disease was milder in the second wave of the pandemic in comparison to the first wave. MIS-C was encountered in the second wave of the pandemic. Cite this article as: Turan C, Basa EG, Elitez D, Yılmaz O, Gümüş E, Anıl M. The comparison of children who were diagnosed with COVID-19 in the first and the second waves of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Turk Arch Pediatr. 2021; 56(6): 596-601.

The aim of the study was to examine the level of job-related burnout and the level of job satisfaction among residents of pediatrics. A total of 102 residents of pediatrics who were trained in two Ministry of Health teaching and research hospitals and in two university hospitals in Izmir were included in the study. Demographic data (age, sex), lifestyle (living with parents or not, marital status, number of children) and professional characteristics (total time spent in profession, time spent in residency, number of night shifts per month, institution type: teaching hospital/university) were collected. Maslach Burnout Inventory (subscales: emotional exhaustion, desensitization, personal accomplishment) and Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire were used. High levels of emotional exhaustion and desensitization, and low levels of personal accomplishment and job satisfaction were found in residents of pediatrics. Low levels of emotional exhaustion in teaching and research hospitals and low levels of desensitization in university hospitals were determined (p<0.05). We found a positive correlation between age and job satisfaction levels and a negative correlation between age and emotional exhaustion levels (p<0.05). There were negative correlations between the length of time in education and desensitization and between the number of night shifts per month and desensitization (p<0.05). In residents of pediatrics, there is a high-level burnout and low-level of job satisfaction. Emotional exhaustion is more common in teaching and research hospitals and desensitization is more common in universities. Younger age, lower seniority, and the higher number of work-shift increases the burnout.

Aim: The COVID-19 outbreak continues to pose a threat to people's physical and mental health all over the world. The health professionals who are directly involved in the fight against the pandemic may experience stress during this crisis that can cause Burnout and Secondary traumatic stress. The objective of our study was to assess the burnout among physicians during COVID-19 pandemic and to determine related factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted. The demographical and occupational data were collected using a questionnaire and burnout level was assessed by Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Results: 748 physicians took the survey. The burnout levels stated by the physicians were found to be significantly higher than before the pandemic [median before pandemic 3 (CDA: 2-4); median 4 (2-5) during pandemic; p <0.001]. Personal Accomplishment (PA), Emotional Exhaustion (EE) and Depersonalization (D) scores of participants directly providing medical services to COVID-19 cases were significantly higher (p <0.05). While EE and D scores were highest in first step workers, PA scores were highest in third step workers. PA scores were lower in man and EE scores were higher in women (p<0.05). Negative correlation was found between the age and the EE [r: (-) 0.087; p< 0.017] and D [r: (-) 0.233; p<0.001] subscale scores. Conclusion: We concluded that women, younger, first step and frontline workers had higher risks for burnout, so individual, structural, and organizational arrangements should be made by giving priority to these risky groups.

The aim of the study was to determine whether the B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) plasma level predicted the severity of bronchiolitis without additional pathology in children admitted to an emergency department (ED). A total of 232 children (mean age: 7.7±1.2 months [range: 1-23 months]) presenting to ED with isolated bronchiolitis and 32 age- and gender-matched control subjects were included in the study. BNP levels differed significantly among the control (8.5±1.1 pg/ml) and mild (27.7±2.6 pg/ml), moderate (51.4±0.5 pg/ml), and severe (106.8±4.8 pg/ml) bronchiolitis groups (p < 0.001). Clinical severity score (p < 0.001; OR: 2.524; 95% CI: 1.826-3.487) and plasma BNP level (p < 0.001; OR: 2.231; 95% CI: 1.583-3.242) were independent risk factors for hospitalization. The length of hospital stay was significantly correlated with BNP level (p < 0.001; r: 0.698). In conclusion, the plasma BNP level may be a potent biomarker predicting disease severity in ED.