Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) is a leading tropical plantation species valued for high-quality timber and carbon (C) storage. This study assessed stand growth across ages and sites, quantified biomass and C by tree component and stand, and developed DBH-based allometric equations for biomass and C estimation. Six stand ages (5, 6, 9, 11, 14, and 17 years) were assessed in three municipalities of Nayarit, Mexico. Dendrometric inventories in permanent plots and destructive sampling of 35 trees provided calibration data for leaves, branches, stem, and roots. C concentration was determined with an elemental analyzer, and nonlinear regression models were adjusted and validated. Stand biomass and C increased with age, peaking at ages 11–14 (>130 Mg ha⁻¹; >60 Mg C ha⁻¹), with lower values at age 17. San Blas and Rosamorada accumulated significantly more than Tuxpan, reflecting site quality. C concentration was stable across sites and ages, with stem and roots consistently ranging between 48% and 50%, and leaves and branches averaging 45%–46%. Allometric equations were most accurate for stem and total biomass/C (R² = 0.73–0.79), while foliage showed higher variability. On average, 60%–70% of biomass was allocated to the stem and 15%–20% to roots. Indicators were stable, with an aboveground-to-belowground ratio (A:B) ≈ 4.9 and a biomass expansion factor (BEF) ≈ 1.5. The current annual increment (CAI) presented two main peaks: ~20 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ at ages 5–6 and ~11 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ at ages 9–11, followed by a decline after age 14. Teak in western Mexico reaches peak productivity at ages 6–11, with belowground biomass essential for accurate C accounting.

Carmenta foraseminis (Busck) Eichlin es considerada una de las principales plagas en el cultivo de cacao, por tanto, estrategias de control de fácil adquisición, preparación, uso y de bajo costo deben ser generadas. El objetivo fue determinar el efecto insecticida del extracto de hojas de Lonchocarpus utilis-LU sobre el control de Carmenta foraseminis en frutos de Theobroma cacao. Fue empleado un diseño de bloques completamente al azar (DBCA), con 6 tratamientos, 3 bloques y 10 frutos por parcela experimental. Los tratamientos fueron 6 concentraciones del extracto (T1:0%; T2:10%; T3:20%; T4:30%; T5:40% y T6:50%). Las variables evaluadas fueron: porcentaje de presencia de huevos en el fruto (PPHF), el porcentaje de eclosión larval (PEL), número de larvas eclosionadas (NLE), porcentaje de frutos atacados (PFA) y número de orificios (NO). Fue determinado que las concentraciones de 30% y 40%, tuvieron mayor capacidad de inhibición de eclosión de larvas de 10,89% al cuarto día y de 22,85% al sexto día de exposición. Las concentraciones de 30% y 40% fueron más eficientes en la reducción del ataque de la plaga, con 3.77% y 6,79% al cuarto y quinto día de exposición. En tanto, las concentraciones de 10% y 20% presentaron mayor ataque en 34% y 28% al cuarto y quinto día de exposición. Se concluye que, las concentraciones de 30% y 40% del extracto de hojas de Lonchocarpus utilis provocaron mayor eficiencia en el control de Carmenta foraseminis en frutos de Theobroma cacao.

The valorization of wood derived from thinning operations in tropical plantations represents an alternative to enhance the sustainability and profitability of forest production systems. This study evaluated the hygroscopic, physical, and machining properties of 13-year-old Simarouba amara Aubl. thinning wood obtained from a plantation established in the Peruvian Amazon. Two planting spacings (2 × 2 m and 3 × 3 m) and three longitudinal stem positions (base, middle, and apex) were analyzed using a factorial design and generalized linear mixed models. Planting density and longitudinal position significantly influenced (p < 0.05) most of the evaluated properties. The saturated moisture content increased from 96.17% at the base to 135.42% at the apex, whereas basic density decreased from 0.45 to 0.30 g cm⁻³. Volumetric shrinkage ranged from 10.19% to 14.81%, and the dimensional stability index varied between 1.66 and 1.91. The first principal component (PC1) explained 98.4% of the total variance and clearly differentiated the treatments. The wood exhibited excellent performance in planing and molding, good performance in drilling, and fair performance in turning, indicating strong potential for the manufacture of higher value-added products and for sustainable utilization in tropical plantation forests.

Microbial inoculants such as Trichoderma have been proposed as sustainable tools to improve seedling quality in coffee nurseries; however, their effectiveness may vary according to formulation and genotype. This study evaluated three treatments: a solid Trichoderma formulation (1 kg m⁻³ of substrate) based on a multispecies consortium (T. harzianum, T. asperellum, and T. viride; 5 × 10⁹ conidia g⁻¹), a liquid formulation of T. harzianum (1 × 10⁸ CFU mL⁻¹; 1 L m⁻³ of substrate), and a non-inoculated control, using three Coffea arabica varieties (Catimor, Marsellesa, and Gran Colombia) under controlled nursery conditions. A linear mixed model was applied, considering variety and inoculant type as fixed effects and replicates as random effects. The results show that the biostimulant response is strongly modulated by the variety × inoculant interaction. The solid formulation was superior in promoting the expansion of the photosynthetic apparatus, increasing leaf area by 24.6%. In turn, the liquid formulation optimized structural vigor, increasing stem diameter by 17.3% and reducing slenderness by 13.1%. Inoculation reduced the lignification index by 10.4%, favoring dynamic vegetative growth. These improvements were integrated into the Dickson Quality Index, which reached values of 0.41–0.70, greatly exceeding the critical threshold of 0.20 for medium- to high-quality seedlings. It is concluded that Trichoderma acts as a physiological compensator that harmonizes plant architecture, although its efficacy depends on specific compatibility with the genotype, which is essential for ensuring the successful establishment of coffee plants under field conditions.