Background: Cognitive decline and dementia are debilitating conditions that compromise the quality of life and charge the healthcare system with a substantial socioeconomic burden. In this context, emerging evidence supports an association between the triglyceride‐glucose index (TyG), a surrogate insulin resistance marker, and cognitive decline and dementia. Hence, we systematically reviewed the studies assessing the TyG index in patients with cognitive decline and their controls.Methods: Online international databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and the Web of Science) were searched comprehensively for studies showing the TyG index in patients with cognitive decline/impairment. Random‐effect meta‐analyses were conducted to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD), pooled odds ratio (OR), and pooled area under the curve (AUC), in addition to 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the comparisons of groups.Results: Seventeen studies were included in our analysis. Then, we conducted a meta‐analysis, demonstrating that patients with cognitive decline had significantly higher levels of TyG index than those without (SMD 0.83, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.50, p = 0.015). Moreover, our data showed that a 1‐unit increase in the TyG index was associated with higher odds of cognitive decline (adjusted OR [aOR] 2.86, 95% CI 1.49 to 5.50, p = 0.002). Further, we observed that patients in the fourth TyG quartile with higher values of the TyG index than the first quartile presented with more increased cognitive decline (aOR 1.62, 95%CI 1.11 to 2.38, p = 0.013). Finally, pooled AUC data for the diagnostic performance of the TyG index resulted in an overall AUC value of 0.73 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.79). Sensitivity and specificity were also calculated as 0.695 and 0.687, respectively.Conclusion: This study supports the clinical utility of the TyG index in patients with cognitive decline and solicits more focused studies to consolidate its usage in clinical settings and real‐world practice.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) accounts for 50% of heart failure cases, with increasing prevalence due to aging and risk factors such as hypertension and obesity. Liver dysfunction is common in HFpEF and may impact prognosis. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of liver function markers (albumin, bilirubin, AST, ALT, ALP) in HFpEF patients. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus was conducted for studies assessing the association of liver markers with adverse outcomes in HFpEF. The primary outcome was a composite of heart failure-related hospitalization or death. Hazard ratios (HR) were pooled using a random-effects model, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic. Twenty studies involving 30,623 patients were included. Serum albumin, the main marker of our study, was significantly associated with a reduced risk of adverse outcomes in a meta-analysis of 16 studies (HR 0.71, 95% CI: 0.61–0.83; I² = 87%). After excluding outliers, heterogeneity decreased (I² = 23%), and the association remained significant (HR 0.75, 95% CI: 0.69–0.82). Although no significant associations were found for AST, ALT, ALP, or bilirubin with adverse outcomes, the limited number of studies for these markers may have contributed to the lack of statistical significance. Higher serum albumin levels predict better outcomes in HFpEF, while other liver function markers showed limited prognostic utility. Serum albumin may serve as a valuable marker for risk stratification in HFpEF.

Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), combining aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor, is a standard post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) treatment to reduce thrombosis and ischemic events. However, the optimal DAPT duration remains unclear, with concerns about bleeding risks associated with long-term potent P2Y12 inhibitors. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates the safety and efficacy of shortened DAPT regimens. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing conventional DAPT (≥ 12 months) and abbreviated DAPT (≤ 3 months) post-PCI. Primary outcomes were 1-year all-cause mortality and bleeding, assessed using the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) classification. Secondary outcomes included cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane tool, and meta-analyses used random-effects models. Forty studies involving 54,233 participants were included. Abbreviated DAPT significantly reduced all-cause mortality (RR: 0.90, 95%CI: 0.82–0.98) and bleeding (BARC 3 or 5: RR: 0.77, 95%CI: 0.60–0.97). No significant differences were observed in cardiovascular mortality, stroke, non-fatal MI, revascularization, or in-stent thrombosis. Subgroup analyses showed lower mortality with 1-month DAPT and reduced bleeding in patients with high bleeding risk, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and complex PCI. Abbreviated DAPT post-PCI is associated with lower all-cause mortality and bleeding without compromising ischemic protection, supporting its use in specific patient populations. Individualized DAPT durations should be considered to balance bleeding and ischemic risks.

Recent therapeutic advances in cancer treatment recruit immune system potentiation against malignant cells. Numerous ongoing clinical trials on immunotherapy methods, either monotherapy or combinat...