In recent years, the applicability of these DG units to electrical Microgrids (MGs) has grown rapidly, enabling them to contribute a large percentage of the installed generating capacity. However, the fluctuating and intermittent nature of renewable generation can adversely affect electric grid stability and operations. Conventionally, to overcome these problems, batteries are employed. Nevertheless, the quick charging and discharging cycle reduces the battery life span, resulting in an economic burden and environmental damage. To resolve these problems, short-term Distributed Energy Storage (DES) systems based on advanced technologies, such as Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) and Supercapacitor Energy Storage (SCES), are emerging as potential alternatives. A supplementary regulator which includes storing energy as well as a flexible AC transmission system is designed to boost the minute signal reliability. The precise optimization of multiple energy device characteristics is needed for efficient performance. The artificial intelligence methods and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) are used to obtain the optimum parameters in the micro-hydro system. This research examines the many Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) in power systems, particularly microgrids, and demonstrates their critical role in improving the quality of electrical systems. As a result, the ESSs were divided into several technologies based on the energy storage form and the most important technological features. In this review paper, the most common classifications are introduced/presented, summarized, and compared according to their characteristics.

Non-conventional or renewable energy powered Distributed Generation (DG) plays a significant role in the generation of power, despite an increase of anthropogenic climate change. DG based renewable sources of energy, together with the utilization of fuel cells and micro turbines could meet a significant portion of energy demand. Benefits such as eco friendliness, extendibility and versatility have made distributed generation, operated by different renewable and non-conventional sources, an interesting prospect for present power grid configurations. This research analyzes the functioning of microgrid network with Fuel Cell (FC) and Solar Photo Voltaic (PV) cells as renewable sources of energy. FC is integrated along with solar PV energy source into the inverter distribution network, and it is planned to deliver active power to the distribution systems. This paper illustrates advantages of using the hybrid controller, i.e., Fractional Order Proportional Integral (FOPI) controller and the objective is to minimize the issues pertaining to power quality and ensure improved voltage regulation of the system’s power supply. Hybrid controller is suggested for the inverter because it helps in compensation of the reactive power, reduces sag, increases the power quality of the system and enhances the voltage stability. The microgrid system thus becomes more reliable at load end. Based on comprehensive simulations obtained from the proposed model in MATLAB / SIMULINK and experimental investigations, it has been demonstrated that the FOPI controller delivers satisfactory performance. The dynamic model of both systems along with the inverter and the control strategy are assessed to analyze the effect of these elements into the microgrid using real time measurements.The controller’s effectiveness is validated through simulation and experimental analysis, including power quality metrics that comply with IEEE 519 standards.

To operate a microgrid system in islanded mode, it is essential to analyze the economic feasibility and performance of the system. The proposed system integrates two or more renewable energy sources, providing a promising solution for meeting energy needs sustainably. Conducting a techno-economic analysis of such microgrid systems is critical to maximizing the efficient utilization of renewable energy sources. The simulations for these microgrid systems are performed using HOMER Pro software, where various economic parameters—such as cost of energy (COE), electricity production, net present cost (NPC), carbon emissions, fuel consumption, and payback period—are evaluated for the proposed systems. Additionally, the system's performance is analyzed using PSIM software, which incorporates optimal switching control. The results are further validated using a prototype hardware setup. The findings indicate that the PV/hydro system with NPC: 705,658 Rs and payback period: 9.65 years is the most suitable option for meeting the electricity demand in rural areas. Also, through optimal switching control applied to the micro grid converter the output voltage achieved is seven levels and harmonic distortion is 3.7% for voltage and 1.7% for the current.