Objective: Literature regarding coronary artery disease (CAD) and awareness of its risk factors is available in Saudi Arabia (SA). However, it is lacking with respect to premature coronary artery disease (PCAD). Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the lack of knowledge of this underrepresented critical issue and to devise a well-constructed strategy for PCAD. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of PCAD and its risk factors in SA. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was performed in the Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, SA between July 01, 2022, and October 25, 2022. A validated proforma was sent to the Saudi population. The sample size was 1046 participants. Results: Proforma results indicated that 46.1% (n = 484) of participants believed that CAD could occur in people under the age of 45, whereas 18.6% (n = 196) did not believe, and 34.8% (n = 366) did not know. There was a highly statistically significant association present between sex and the belief that CAD can affect people who are under the age of 45 (p < 0.001), with 355 (73.3%) females believing that CAD can affect people below the age of 45 compared to 129 (26.7%) males. The results also showed a highly statistically significant relationship between educational status and the belief that CAD can affect people who are under the age of 45 (bachelor’s degree, 392 participants, representing 81.1%; p < 0.001). Furthermore, having employment was notably positively associated with that belief (p = 0.049) as was having a health specialty (p < 0.001). In addition, 62.3% (n = 655) of participants were not aware of their lipid profile, 49.1% (n = 516) preferred using vehicles to get to nearby places, 70.1% (n = 737) did not undergo regular medical checkups, 36.3% (n = 382) took medications without consultations, 55.9% (n = 588) did not exercise weekly, 69.5% (n = 112) were E-cigarette smokers, and 77.5% (n = 810) consumed fast food weekly. Conclusions: Individuals from SA have an evident lack of public knowledge and poor lifestyle practices regarding PCAD, which demonstrates the need for health authorities to take a more targeted and attentive approach toward PCAD awareness. In addition, extensive media involvement is required to highlight the severity of PCAD and its risk factors in the population.

Obesity is a heterogeneous metabolic condition with individuals exhibiting varying risks of obesity-related complications. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) and TyG-related indices are surrogate markers of insulin resistance and may reflect differences across obesity phenotypes. Whether these indices distinguish between clinical obesity phenotype (excess body fat, accompanied by obesity-related complications) and preclinical obesity phenotype (excess body fat, without obesity-related complications) remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the association of TyG and TyG-related indices with obesity phenotypes and metabolic risks in US adults. Data from 4532 adult participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011 to 2020 were analyzed. Obesity phenotypes were classified based on excess body fat with or without obesity-related complications. Survey-weighted logistic regression models with progressively adjusted models including demographic, behavioral, socioeconomic and medication use assessed associations of TyG and TyG-body mass index, TyG-waist circumference, TyG-waist-to-height ratio, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance with clinical obesity phenotype. Model discrimination was assessed using receiver operating characteristic analysis. The weighted prevalence of clinical obesity phenotype was 60.2% among individuals with excess body fat, with affected individuals more likely to be older males with higher anthropometric measurements. The TyG-related indices and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance values were significantly higher. In progressively adjusted models, TyG-related indices remained associated with clinical obesity, with the highest odds observed for TyG-body mass index (OR = 1.60), whereas TyG index was no longer significant in the fully adjusted model. TyG and TyG-related indices were associated with clinical obesity phenotype in US adults with excess adiposity. These markers may provide complementary information for risk stratification, although their independent discriminatory value appeared modest.