Background: Health inequality and inequity persist as pressing global challenges that disproportionately affect populations in low‐ and middle‐income countries. These disparities are driven by complex and interrelated factors, including socioeconomic deprivation, educational barriers, commercial determinants of health, inadequate governance structures, and systemic failures in resource allocation. Objectives: This study seeks to critically examine the multifactorial causes of global health inequality and inequity, assess their wide‐ranging consequences on population health, and propose ethically grounded strategies for promoting equity and justice within global healthcare systems. Methods: A rapid review approach was used to examine global health inequality and inequity. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Research Rabbit using key terms such as “global health inequality,” “health equity in global health policy,” and “healthcare disparities across countries.” The literature was selected on the basis of its relevance to structural determinants and systemic patterns of health disparities across countries with varying income levels. The analysis identified recurring themes related to the drivers of inequity and potential pathways toward healthcare systems while acknowledging the limitations inherent in rapid review methodologies, including possible language and selection biases. Results: The findings highlight that structural determinants, such as poverty, educational and gender disparities, environmental degradation, conflict, and unequal allocation of health resources, serve as primary contributors to global health inequities. These factors result in disproportionate disease burden, limited access to essential services, and increased mortality rates in disadvantaged populations. Conclusion: Addressing global health inequity requires a transformative, ethically grounded framework that emphasizes justice, solidarity, and equity. Key actions include redistributive policy reforms, strengthened health systems in resource‐limited settings, and the decolonization of global health governance. These measures are fundamental for realizing the right to health and achieving meaningful global health justice.

As we navigate the evolving public health landscape in Somalia, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of critical challenges, including water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH); malnutrition and food insecurity; infectious diseases; maternal and child health; and the rising burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). The aftermath of prolonged conflict, economic instability, and environmental crises underscores the urgent need to strengthen healthcare infrastructure, enhance disease surveillance, and improve multisectoral collaboration. The complexities of governance, humanitarian aid, and healthcare access highlight the necessity of coordinated efforts between government institutions, NGOs, and international partners. Given the urgent need to combat infectious disease outbreaks and the persistent challenges of food insecurity and high maternal mortality rates, this study explores multifaceted issues, advocating targeted interventions, sustainable policies, and equitable healthcare delivery. Addressing the root causes of public health disparities requires commitment to resilience‐building, community engagement, and policy‐driven solutions. In this critical period, Somalia must embrace a unified vision that fosters collaboration, policy reform, and strategic investments, ensuring that public health remains a central pillar of national development and the humanitarian response.

This review examines the application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in addressing limitations of traditional food safety systems in globalized supply chains. We analyzed current AI implementations including machine learning for pathogen detection, blockchain integration for supply chain traceability, and predictive analytics for outbreak forecasting. Key findings show AI-enabled biosensor networks achieve > 90% sensitivity for Salmonella and Listeria detection in controlled settings, while predictive models demonstrate up to 89% precision for E. coli contamination forecasting. However, significant equity challenges exist, with 78% of low- and middle-income countries lacking necessary cloud infrastructure for AI deployment. The review identifies critical gaps in data sovereignty, algorithmic bias, and implementation costs that may exacerbate global health disparities. Recommendations include developing open-access datasets, establishing ethical AI governance frameworks, and creating targeted capacity-building initiatives to ensure equitable access to AI-enhanced food safety technologies across diverse economic contexts.

Background Despite global efforts to enhance maternal healthcare access, Somalia has reported one of the highest maternal mortality rates, at 621 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2020. This occurs amid conflict, humanitarian crises, and a fragile health infrastructure. Antenatal care is critical for reducing maternal deaths. Methods This cross-sectional study utilized data from the 2020 Somalia Demographic and Health Survey (SDHS), focusing on 3,375 women aged 14–45 years who had delivered live births in the five years preceding the survey. The primary outcome was antenatal care utilization, defined as the attendance of four or more antenatal care (ANC) visits (ANC4+). The independent variables captured maternal, household, and geographic characteristics, including residence type (urban, rural, nomadic), and regional disparities across Somalia’s 16 administrative divisions. A weighted binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify associated factors. Results Overall, only 7.0% of the women received the WHO-recommended minimum of four ANC visits, indicating an alarmingly low utilization rate. Significant disparities were identified, with nomadic women facing 90% lower odds and rural women facing 70% lower odds of adequate ANC than their urban counterparts. Regional variations were striking: Lower Jubba and Nugaal showed significantly higher ANC utilization, whereas Togdheer exhibited significantly lower utilization than the reference region (Awdal). Notably, the statistical significance of the wealth quintile and education diminished in the adjusted model, suggesting that their effects might be mediated by other factors, such as urban-rural disparities. Conclusion This study reveals that only 7 out of 100 pregnancies in Somalia receive the WHO-recommended minimum of four ANC visits, placing Somalia among the lowest-performing countries globally for antenatal care utilization. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions and equity-focused policies to close the maternal health service gaps, particularly in nomadic and rural populations.

Background: Food insecurity represents a critical public health challenge in Somalia, where four decades of state fragility, environmental vulnerability, and sociopolitical instability have created chronic food access limitations. Although existing research has primarily examined macro-level determinants, there remains a substantial gap in understanding how individual-level sociodemographic factors influence food security outcomes among various population subgroups. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the Somalia Demographic and Health Survey involving 52,154 participants aged 13 years and above. A multistage stratified cluster sampling technique ensured representation across urban, rural, and nomadic populations. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations between sociodemographic characteristics and household food insecurity, with adjusted odds ratios calculated to identify independent predictors. Results: Significant disparities were observed across multiple dimensions. Educational attainment demonstrated strong protective effects, with higher education reducing food insecurity odds by 82% compared with no formal education. Middle-aged adults divorced and widowed individuals, and female-headed households showed elevated vulnerability. Extreme regional heterogeneity was observed, with residents in Bakool and Gedo facing more than 13 times greater risk than those in Awdal. Rural and nomadic populations had significantly higher odds than urban dwellers. Conclusion: Food insecurity in Somalia operates through complex, intersecting pathways of sociodemographic vulnerability and pronounced geographical inequalities. Food insecurity in Somalia results from a complex, multifaceted crisis spanning social, political, economic, and environmental domains. Effective interventions must simultaneously address educational infrastructure development, provide targeted support for vulnerable demographic groups, and implement place-based strategies that recognize the extreme geographic clustering of vulnerability across Somalia’s diverse regions.

Health sovereignty, the ability of African nations to govern and sustain their health systems independently, has become increasingly urgent. This narrative