Cowpea production in Nigeria, the world’s largest producer, is insufficient to meet domestic demand due to significant yield gaps caused by various production constraints. Several high-yielding improved cowpea varieties have been developed and disseminated among smallholder farmers to improve productivity, but their adoption is low because breeding efforts have not adequately incorporated farmers’ and consumers’ preferred traits. To address this, a study was conducted to evaluate the performance of newly developed cowpea lines and identify those with traits preferred by farmers and consumers. Twenty-four cowpea lines were evaluated in multiple environments under sole and intercropped systems in Nigeria. The study revealed significant (p < 0.001) genotypic and genotype-by-environment interaction effects for grain yield, fodder yield, and other key agronomic traits. Three genotypes consistently outperformed the standard check, with UAM15-2157-4 exhibiting a 57.6% higher grain yield and superior seed quality. UAM15-2157-4 produced the highest grain yield (1289 kg ha⁻¹) under the intercropping system. GGE biplot analysis identified UAM15-2157-4 as the most stable genotype across all tested environments. This genotype, along with other promising lines, possesses desirable traits such as Striga resistance, large seed size, and preferred seed coat color, making them suitable for release and adoption to improve cowpea productivity in the region.