Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the extent of misreporting in obese and nonobese adults on an absolute, ratio‐scaled, and allometrically‐scaled basis.Method: Self‐reported daily energy intake (EI) was compared with total energy expenditure (TEE) in 221 adults (106 male, 115 female; age 53 ± 17 years, stature 1.68 ± 0.09 m, mass 79.8 ± 17.2 kg) who participated in a doubly‐labeled water (DLW) subsection of 2013–2015 National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Data were log transformed and expressed as absolute values, according to simple ratio‐standards (per kg body mass) and adjusted for body mass allometrically. Absolute and ratio‐scaled misreporting were examined using full‐factorial General Linear Models with repeated measures of the natural logarithms of TEE or EI as the within‐subjects factor. The natural logarithm of body mass was included as a covariate in the allometric method. The categorical variables of gender, age, obesity, and physical activity level (PAL) were the between‐factor variables.Results: On an absolute‐basis, self‐reported EI (2759 ± 590 kcal·d⁻¹) was significantly lower than TEE measured by DLW (2759 ± 590 kcal·d⁻¹: F_1,205 = 598.81, p < .001, η_p² =0.75). We identified significantly greater underreporting in individuals with an obese BMI (F_1,205 = 29.01, p <.001, η_p² =0.12), in more active individuals (PAL > 1.75; F_1,205 = 34.15, p <.001, η_p² =0.14) and in younger individuals (≤55 years; F_1,205 = 14.82, p < .001, η_p² =0.07), which are all categories with higher energy needs. Ratio‐scaling data reduced the effect sizes. Allometric‐scaling removed the effect of body mass (F_1,205 =0.02, p = 0.887, η_p² =0.00).Conclusion: In weight‐stable adults, obese individuals do not underreport dietary intake to a greater extent than nonobese individuals. These results contradict previous research demonstrating that obesity is associated with a greater degree of underreporting.

Background/Aims Graduate employability is complex and has moved beyond the notion of subject-specific skills being sufficient for acquiring a graduate level job, to now include important transferable skills. Sports therapy is a rapidly expanding profession focusing on assessment, treatment and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal conditions. These facets encompass components of critical thinking, problem solving, interpersonal skills and communication, thus courses can set graduates up for careers within or outside the industry. The three aims of this study were to survey BSc (Hons) Sports Therapy graduates to determine their current employment status and job role, explore graduates’ experience of their undergraduate programme and investigate graduates’ perceptions of how well the programme had prepared them for subsequent employment. Methods BSc (Hons) sports therapy graduates from two British universities were surveyed regarding their experience of their undergraduate degree programme and their perceptions of how well the programme had prepared them for employment. The survey was distributed to approximately 150 graduates and had a response rate of 23% (35 graduates). Descriptive statistics were used to describe the responses to the multiple-choice questions and thematic analysis was performed on free-text responses. Results Overall, 43% of respondents were employed as sports therapists and needed their degree to get their jobs. A total of 71% of respondents felt that their degree had equipped them fully or partly for employment. Free-text responses generated three themes relating to sports therapy specific skills, job availability and work-based learning opportunities. Managing student expectations, continued exposure to the range of career opportunities available and developing students subject-specific skills, ‘soft’ or transferrable skills, as well as personal characteristics, can help with employability. Conclusions Courses should be sensitive to the demands of a changing employment landscape and, as such, encourage a student-centred approach and support placement opportunities to help with graduate employability.

Context: Cold-water immersion (CWI) has been reported to reduce tissue metabolism postimmersion, but physiological data are lacking regarding the muscle metabolic response to its application. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive optical technique that can inform muscle hemodynamics and tissue metabolism. Objective: To investigate the effects of CWI at 2 water temperatures (10°C and 15°C) on NIRS-calculated measurements of muscle oxygen consumption (mVO₂). Design: Crossover study. Setting: University sports rehabilitation center. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 11 male National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II long-distance runners (age = 23.4 ± 3.4 years, height = 1.8 ± 0.1 m, mass = 68.8 ± 10.7 kg, mean adipose tissue thickness = 6.7 ± 2.7 mm). Intervention(s): Cold-water immersion at 10°C and 15°C for 20 minutes. Main Outcome Measure(s): We calculated mVO₂ preimmersion and postimmersion at water temperatures of 10°C and 15°C. Changes in tissue oxyhemoglobin (O₂Hb), deoxyhemoglobin (HHb), total hemoglobin (tHb), hemoglobin difference (Hb_diff), and tissue saturation index (TSI %) were measured during the 20-minute immersion at both temperatures. Results: We observed a decrease in mVO₂ after immersion at both 10°C and 15°C (F_1,9 = 27.7801, P = .001). During the 20-minute immersion at both temperatures, we noted a main effect of time for O₂Hb (F_3,27 = 14.227, P = .001), HHb (F_3,27 = 5.749, P = .009), tHb (F_3,27 = 24.786, P = .001), and Hb_diff (F_3,27 = 3.894, P = .020), in which values decreased over the course of immersion. Post hoc pairwise comparisons showed that these changes occurred within the final 5 minutes of immersion for tHb and O₂Hb. Conclusions: A 20-minute CWI at 10°C and 15°C led to a reduction in mVO₂. This was greater after immersion at 10°C. The reduction in mVO₂ suggests a decrease in muscle metabolic activity (ie, O₂ use after CWI). Calculating mVO₂ via the NIRS-occlusion technique may offer further insight into muscle metabolic responses beyond what is attainable from observing the NIRS primary signals.

Adequate energy intake is crucial for athletic performance and recovery. However, many endurance athletes experience Low Energy Availability (LEA), which, if prolonged, can detrimentally impact both health and performance. A total of 55 endurance athletes (23 females; 45 ± 13 years, 1.64 ± 0.06 m, 64.4 ± 11.4 kg and 32 males; 44 ± 13 years, 1.76 ± 0.18 m, 78.8 ± 9.2 kg) underwent physical assessments and completed questionnaires on dietary habits, training loads, and psychological stress. Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) scans measured bone mineral density (BMD) in the lumbar L1-L4 spine, and body composition. Risk of LEA burnout, and psychological strain were assessed using sport-specific questionnaires. Seventy-seven percent of female athletes were identified as at risk of LEA by the LEAF-Q. These females had higher body weight and fat percentage than those at low risk of LEA. Male athletes had a higher prevalence of low lumbar BMD (31%) compared to females, associated with older age, and longer training histories. Although only 9% of female athletes had low-BMD, those affected had a history of amenorrhea and were identified as at risk of LEA by the LEAF-Q. A high proportion of endurance athletes had low-BMD and were at risk of LEA. This underscores the need for targeted nutritional strategies to mitigate the risks associated with LEA and promote overall athlete well-being.

Background: This study assessed the specific influence of physical activity (PA) and waist circumference (WC) on the 4-year growth trajectory of blood pressure in UK high-school students. Methods: Four-year longitudinal monitoring of 1501 adolescents was conducted as part of the EoEHHS. Measurements were taken in Grades (G)7, 9, and 11. Results: Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) increased over the 4-year period (SBP G7 114.6 ± 8.9 mmHg, G9 118.1 ± 9.7 mmHg, G11 122.8 ± 7.8 mmHg; DBP G7 66.7 ± 6.6 mmHg, G9 68.0 ± 6.4 mmHg, G11 70.0 ± 5.2 mmHg). Baseline WC predicted baseline and growth in SBP, but the strongest contribution to SBP came from changes in WC (β = 0.084, p = 0.002). Baseline PAQ-A score (β = −0.822, p = 0.020) and changes in PAQ-A score (β = −0.650, p = 0.019) were associated with smaller increases in DBP over the 4-year measurement period. Conclusions: Baseline and change in WC predicted the growth trajectory of SBP, while baseline and change in PA predicted the growth trajectory of DBP. PA and WC have a prognostic value in predicting changes in blood pressure in adolescents. Increasing PA during adolescence could slow the rise in DBP over time. This is meaningful for future hypertension and CVD risk reduction into adulthood. Impact: Hypertension in adolescents is a growing health problem that is often overlooked. Baseline and changes in waist circumference over a 4-year period predicted development of systolic blood pressure, while baseline and changes in physical activity predicted development of diastolic blood pressure. Physical activity and waist circumference have a prognostic value in predicting changes in blood pressure in adolescents and could be valuable in planning programmes to prevent hypertension in similar communities and reduce the risk of future adult hypertension.

The primary aim of this scoping review was to summarise the current scientific literature on the performance, health and development of youth women's footballers. The review provides a summary of the research topics, including methodological approaches adopted and key findings, and identifies gaps in the literature. A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted in December 2023 and June 2025, with keywords relating to the population, football, and performance, health and development. Studies which involved youth women's footballers playing at any competitive standard, and quantified at least one aspect of performance, health or development were included. Of the 16,473 studies identified in the database searches, 294 studies met the eligibility criteria to be included in the review. Of the eight research topics investigating the performance, health and development of youth women's footballers, physical qualities was the most investigated ( n = 119; 40%), followed by injury ( n = 49; 17%), biomechanics ( n = 40; 14%), psychology ( n = 31; 11%), match-play ( n = 20; 7%), nutrition ( n = 14; 5%), fatigue and recovery ( n = 13; 4%) and training load ( n = 8; 3%). Players competing in regional (42%) and national competitions (32%), and within an U17 age-group (23%) were the most investigated. Over half of all studies (56%) were published from 2020 onwards, demonstrating recent rapid growth in youth women's football literature. This comprehensive resource can be used to inform practices supporting the performance, health and development of youth women's footballers across various competitive standards. Furthermore, multiple research areas are highlighted as underdeveloped, and areas for future research concerning this population to explore.