Photobiomodulation (PBM) is rapidly gaining traction as a valuable tool in dermatology for treating many inflammatory skin conditions using low levels of visible light or near-infrared radiation. However, the physiological regulatory pathways responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect of PBM have not been well defined. Since previous studies showed that nuclear factor-erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf2) is a master regulator of the skin inflammatory response, we have addressed its role in controlling inflammation by PBM. Primary human keratinocytes (KCs) stimulated with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to mimic pro-inflammatory stress were illuminated with two wavelengths: 660 nm or 520 nm. Both lights significantly reduced the mRNA expression of the DNCB-triggered TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 cytokines in KCs, while they enhanced Nrf2 pathway activation. PBM-induced Nrf2 is a key regulator of the inflammatory response in KCs since its absence abolished the regulatory effect of light on cytokines production. Further investigations of the mechanisms contributing to the immunoregulatory effect of PBM in inflamed human skin explants showed that 660 nm light prevented Langerhans cells migration into the dermis, preserving their dendricity, and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production compared to the DNCB-treated group. This study is the first to report that the PBM-mediated anti-inflammatory response in KCs is Nrf2-dependent and further support the role of PBM in skin immunomodulation. Therefore, PBM should be considered a promising alternative or complementary therapeutic approach for treating skin-related inflammatory diseases.

Skin structure and function results from a dynamic interplay between dermal and epidermal cell types. Optimizing skin health through an effective and long‐lasting skin care regime therefore requires a global approach, encompassing various mechanisms to stimulate this interplay beyond the action scope of a classical topical solution. This study evaluates the impact of a novel home‐use device combining a topical serum, light‐emitting diodes and massage on the clinical signs of extrinsic skin aging. The innovative principle relies on potentiating the effect of active ingredients contained in the topical serum with visible and near infra‐red photons to prevent extracellular matrix degradation and promote its reconstruction. After in vitro and ex vivo investigations, a clinical study assessed the safety and efficacy of a daily treatment with the home‐use device for 28 days. A significant increases in skin density and radiance while reducing the wrinkles was obtained with no side effects.

We derive mass, gravity, and nuclear confinement from first principles through a spacetime mechanism where electromagnetic quantum vacuum fluctuations—originally derived from black-body radiation—induce metric perturbations that serve as a foundational source. Utilizing correlation functions, we demonstrate that highly coherent modes of zero-temperature black-body radiation undergo decoherence within the proton’s resonant cavity, producing its exact mass energy density. From Einstein’s field equations, we calculate the conversion factor of electromagnetic vacuum fluctuations into gravitational waves traveling through the proton’s cavity. We find that this converted energy is equivalent to the energy density of a Kerr-Newman solution at the proton’s reduced Compton wavelength, which defines a surface horizon. We compute the Hawking radiation and evaporation of this surface and find it equivalent to the proton’s rest mass. The evaporation lifetime far exceeds the observable universe’s age and satisfies experimental constraints. We demonstrate that the internal vacuum fluctuations within the proton cavity may provide a stabilizing source term equivalent to Hawking radiation energy, potentially affording extreme stability to the proton. Our formulation reduces to a Klein-Gordon equation on the metric perturbation that yields a confining Yukawa-like energy potential, demonstrating that both confining forces and gravitational forces emerge as consequences of metric perturbations generated by quantum electromagnetic fluctuations. This result aligns well with experimental measurements across multiple scales—from the color force to the residual strong force, and ultimately to gravitation. By computing both confining forces and gravity as emergent manifestations of vacuum fluctuations curving spacetime rather than separate fundamental interactions, we resolve Einstein and Rosen’s attempt to geometrize particles and forces at the quantum scale.

Physical and chemical cellular stimulation combined in a unique home‐use device provides an effective and long‐lasting skin care regime for extrinsic skin aging prevention. The innovative principle relies on potentiating the effect of active ingredients contained in a topical serum with visible and near infrared photons to prevent extrinsic skin aging.Further details can be found in the article by Cyprien Guermonprez, Lieve Declercq, Géraldine Decaux, and Jean‐Alexis Grimaud (e202000230). image