Endometriosis is a complex gynecological condition affecting 10% of women globally, characterized by the growth of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, leading to chronic pelvic pain, infertility, reduced quality of life, and a risk of cancer. This review examines the multifaceted aspects of endometriosis, including its causes, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies. Genetic and environmental factors, hormonal influences, and immunological dysregulation are addressed as potential drivers of disease progression. Treatment options, including pharmacological interventions (hormone therapy, pain management) and surgical interventions, are assessed for their effectiveness in alleviating symptoms and improving outcomes. Emerging therapies, such as small-molecule inhibitors and anti-angiogenic agents, are also explored. Additionally, the psychological impact of endometriosis is addressed, emphasizing the need for holistic care. This review highlights the importance of continued research to unravel the precise mechanisms underlying endometriosis and to develop targeted therapies for improved patient care.

Endometriosis is a complex gynecological condition affecting 10% of women globally, characterized by the growth of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, leading to chronic pelvic pain, infertility, reduced quality of life, and a risk of cancer. This review examines the multifaceted aspects of endometriosis, including its causes, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies. Genetic and environmental factors, hormonal influences, and immunological dysregulation are addressed as potential drivers of disease progression. Treatment options, including pharmacological interventions (hormone therapy, pain management) and surgical interventions, are assessed for their effectiveness in alleviating symptoms and improving outcomes. Emerging therapies, such as small-molecule inhibitors and anti-angiogenic agents, are also explored. Additionally, the psychological impact of endometriosis is addressed, emphasizing the need for holistic care. This review highlights the importance of continued research to unravel the precise mechanisms underlying endometriosis and to develop targeted therapies for improved patient care.

Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous compound with a multidirectional effect. It possesses antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative properties that may be beneficial in the treatment of corneal injuries. Moreover, KYNA has been used successfully to improve the healing outcome of skin wounds. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of KYNA on corneal and conjunctival cells in vitro and the re-epithelization of corneal erosion in rabbits in vivo. Normal human corneal epithelial cell (10.014 pRSV-T) and conjunctival epithelial cell (HC0597) lines were used. Cellular metabolism, cell viability, transwell migration, and the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 were determined. In rabbits, after corneal de-epithelization, eye drops containing 0.002% and 1% KYNA were applied five times a day until full recovery. KYNA decreased metabolism but did not affect the proliferation of the corneal epithelium. It decreased both the metabolism and proliferation of conjunctival epithelium. KYNA enhanced the migration of corneal but not conjunctival epithelial cells. KYNA reduced the secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 from the corneal epithelium, leaving IL-10 secretion unaffected. The release of all studied cytokines from the conjunctival epithelium exposed to KYNA was unchanged. KYNA at higher concentration accelerated the healing of the corneal epithelium. These favorable properties of KYNA suggest that KYNA containing topical pharmaceutical products can be used in the treatment of ocular surface diseases.

Aim: To evaluate the utility of a novel nanocomposite biomaterial consisting of poly-L/D-lactide, and hydroxyapatite bioceramics, enriched with sodium alginate in articular cartilage defect treatment. Materials and Methods: The biomaterial was prepared using the method of solvent casting and particle leaching. The study was conducted on 20 New Zealand White rabbits. Experimental osteochondral defects were created in the femoral trochlear grooves and filled with biomaterials. In control groups, the defects were left to spontaneously heal. The quality of newly-formed tissue was evaluated on the basis of macroscopic and histological assessment. Additionally the level of osteogenic and cartilage degradation markers were measured. Results: The majority of the defects from the treatment group were covered with tissue similar in structure and colour to healthy cartilage, whereas in the control group, tissue was uneven, and not integrated into the surrounding cartilage. Conclusion: The results obtained validate the choice of biomaterial used in this study as well as the method of its application

Metallomics, which studies the role of metals in biological processes, is crucial for understanding the impact of elements on human health. It requires an integrated approach combining quantitative and functional methods, supported by advanced analytical techniques. A comprehensive understanding of metallomics considers the accumulation, speciation, and distribution of metals. In recent decades, an increasing number of studies have focused on determining metal levels in human tissues, particularly in the context of chronic diseases and developmental disorders. Levels of macro- and microelements, both essential and toxic, play a fundamental role in both physiological and pathological processes. Given the increasing health risks associated with addictions such as smoking, understanding the mechanisms of toxicity based on metallomic studies is crucial. This literature review synthesizes current advances in analytical techniques used to determine trace elements in biological samples, the accumulation of toxic metals, and the disruption of element homeostasis in tobacco smokers. The aim of this study is to identify key risks from tobacco-related metal exposure, thereby providing a deeper understanding of the long-term health consequences. The obtained results may constitute the basis for future directions of metallomic research.