Sulfamethazine (SMT) contamination in aquatic environments and its propensity to induce antibiotic resistance pose critical risks to ecosystems and public health, necessitating effective remediation strategies. Here, we develop a MOF-derived copper core–shell activator, Cu-MOFs400@PSN, by coating a calcined Cu-MOF derivative (Cu-MOFs400) with a nitrogen/phosphorus/sulfur-doped shell and systematically evaluate its peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation performance toward SMT degradation. Comprehensive characterization confirms successful N/P/S incorporation and the formation of a smooth spherical core–shell architecture that enhances chemical stability; the Cu-MOFs400@PSN/PMS system achieves complete SMT removal within 120 min and maintains 99.33% efficiency after five reuse cycles. Bicarbonate markedly promotes degradation, whereas chloride, nitrate, and phosphate exert negligible interference, indicating strong tolerance to common background ions. Radical-quenching tests identify singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and superoxide (•O₂⁻) as the dominant reactive species, with minor contributions from sulfate and hydroxyl radicals; the system facilitates complete SMT mineralization and reduces resistance-inducing intermediates. These results highlight Cu-MOFs400@PSN as a robust and reusable PMS activator for practical remediation of SMT-contaminated waters and mitigation of antibiotic-resistance risks.

Rapid accumulation of soil lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), and fluorine (F) caused by bastnasite mining development has increasingly become a concern worldwide in the past decades. However, the effects of the different chemical forms of these elements on the composition and diversity of soil dominant, moderate, and rare microorganisms are unclear. In this study, Planctomycetota was changed from dominant to moderate, caused by exchangeable and carbonate-bound forms of La and Ce. Both organic bound La (La_ORG) and water-soluble F (F_WS) were the crucial factors driving variations in the relative abundance of Patescibacteria and Bacteroidota from moderate to dominant, while the fungal phylum Chytridiomycota was changed from moderate to dominant, promoted by F_WS. La_ORG, the ferrum-manganese bound form of Ce, and F_WS displayed a negative correlation with the three rare bacterial phyla, i.e., Abditibacteriota, GAL15, and Deinococcota respectively. F_WS caused the disappearance of the rare fungal phylum Monoblepharomycota and the appearance of the rare bacterial phylum Fibrobacterota. Organic bound forms of both Ce and F showed a negative correlation with the bacterial Sobs and fungal Phylogenetic diversity indices, respectively. To summarize, the different chemical forms of La, Ce, and F showed varied effects on the composition and diversity of soil microbial communities.