The Amazon forest is the biggest tropical forest in the world, known to shelter the largest biodiversity of animals, plants and microorganisms worldwide. As to the mycodiversity of this biome, little is known since most of the mycological investigations in Brazil have been in the Atlantic Rainforest. This study presents a description of ten species of Annulohypoxylon (Hypoxylaceae, Ascomycota) from Amazonian forest of Brazil. Annulohypoxylon moriforme, A. purpureonitens, A. stygium and A. truncatum, have already been recorded in this forest, while A. archeri, A. leptascum and A. nitens are reported for the first time here. A. cf. pyriforme may represent a new record from Brazil and Annulohypoxylon sp. may represent a new species. Annulohypoxylon duckei sp. nov. is proposed, based on the fawn colour of the surface when young, ostiolar disc of truncatum ‐type (0.17–0.25 mm diam.), greenish yellow pigment, and ellipsoid ascospores (8–10 × 3–5 µm). Identification keys, morphological descriptions, and illustrations are presented for all species.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus- (Jacq.: Fr.) Kumm. cultivation in substrates based on different combinations of wastes (leaf, pseudo-stem and pseudo-stem + leaf) and banana cultivars - Musa spp. (Thap Maeo, Prata AnãPelipita and Caipira) during 49 days. Organic matter loss in the substrate by action of the fungus was also evaluated during that period. It was verified that the pseudo-stem waste provided the best averages of biological efficiency among all cultivars tested and best rates were obtained by Thap Maeo (61.5%). The highest organic matter loss (OML) was obtained from pseudo-stem + leaf wastes (Prata Anã 78.6%; Thap Maeo - 67.6%; Pelipita - 64.8%; Caipira - 60.6%). Therefore, the use of those wastes showed itself viable for P. ostreatus cultivation due to its availability and low cost, besides decreasing discards to environment.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a composição nutricional dos cogumelos produzidos em substratos alternativos à base de resíduos agrícolas e agroindustriais da Amazônia. Determinou-se C, N, pH, umidade, sólidos solúveis, proteína, lipídios, fibra total, cinzas, carboidratos e energia. Os substratos foram formulados a partir de serragem de Simarouba amara Aubl. (marupá), Ochroma piramidale Cav. ex. Lam. (pau de balsa) e do estipe de Bactris gasipaes Kunth (pupunheira) e de Saccharum officinarum (cana-de-açúcar). Os resultados demonstraram que: a composição nutricional do P. ostreatus variou com o substrato de cultivo e; O P. ostreatus pode ser considerado um importante alimento devido suas características nutricionais: altos teores de proteínas, carboidratos metabolizáveis e fibras; baixos teores de lipídios e de calorias.The objective of the present work was to evaluate the nutritional composition of mushrooms produced in alternative substrates in agricultural and agro-industrial residues from the Amazon. C, N, pH, moisture, soluble solids, protein, lipids, total fibers, ashes, carbohydrates and energy were determined. Substrates were formulated from Simarouba amara Aubl. and Ochroma piramidale Cav. ex. Lam. Sawdust and from Bactris gasipaes Kunth and Saccharum officinarum stipe. Results showed that the nutritional composition of P. ostreatus varied according to the cultivation substrate and that it can be considered important food due to its nutritional characteristics such as: high protein content; metabolizable carbohydrates and fiber; and low lipids and calories contents

Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom widely recognized as a source of biomolecules with pharmacological properties, however, little is known about the factors that influence the synthesis of bioactive proteins by this fungus when cultivated under submerged fermentation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the production of mycelial biomass and intracellular proteases and protease inhibitors by G. lucidum cultivated under different submerged fermentation conditions. The cultivation was carried out in a medium composed of glucose (10 or 20 g.L-1), soy peptone (2.5 or 5 g.L-1) and yeast extract (5 g.L-1), with incubation under agitation (120 rpm) and non-agitation, totaling 8 experimental conditions. Biomass production was determined from the dry weight, while glucose consumption was estimated by quantification of reducing sugars. The proteins were extracted in NaCl (0.15 M), and the protein extracts were submitted to protein quantification by the Bradford method, total proteolytic activity using azocasein, caseinolytic and fibrinolytic activity in Petri dishes, activity of serine (trypsin and chymotrypsin) and cysteine (papain) protease inhibitors. Cultivation in agitated condition showed higher biomass production with a maximum value of 7 g.L-1, in addition to higher activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin and papain inhibitors, with 154 IU.mg-1, 153 IU.mg-1 e 343 IU.mg-1 of protein, respectively. The non-agitated condition showed a greater potential for obtaining proteins, total proteases, caseinolytic and fibrinolytic enzymes, with maximum values of 433 mg.g-1 of extract, 71 U.mL-1 of extract, 63.62 mm2 and 50.27 mm2, respectively. Thus, a medium composed of soy peptone, yest extract and glucose in a 1:2:4 proportion is recommended, under agitation to produce protease inhibitors, and the non-agitated condition when the target is, mainly caseinolytic and fibrinolytic enzymes.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a utilização de resíduos madeireiros do estado do Amazonas para o cultivo de Lentinus strigosus. de ocorrência na região. A linhagem foi procedente da coleção do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA. Utilizou-se separadamente serragens de Simarouba amara (marupá), Ochroma piramidale (pau de balsa) e Anacardium giganteum (cajuí) suplementadas com farelo de arroz e de trigo e CaCO3 (80:10:8:2), respectivamente, ajustando-se a umidade em torno de 75%. Os substratos (500g) foram acondicionados em sacos de polipropileno, esterilizados a 121 ºC , durante 30 minutos, inoculados e incubados em câmara climatizada a 25 ± 3 ºC e UR de 85%, até emissão dos primórdios, com redução de temperatura de 25 para 23 ± 1 ºC e aumento de UR para 85-90%, no período de "frutificação". O crescimento micelial ocorreu de 12 a 20 dias, com surgimento de primórdios com cerca de 15 a 25 dias após a inoculação. A produção de basidiocarpos ocorreu três a cinco dias após a emissão dos primórdios. Foram avaliados: eficiência biológica (EB, %), rendimento (g kg-1) e perda da matéria orgânica (PMO, %). As serragens suplementadas foram eficientes no cultivo de L. strigosus, apresentando EB de 38, 48 e 59%; rendimento de 98, 119 e 177 g kg-1; e PMO de 42, 59 e 48%, para marupá, pau de balsa e cajuí, respectivamente. Assim, há um potencial de aproveitamento desses resíduos na Amazônia, bem como uma provável utilização da linhagem selvagem, podendo contribuir para melhoria das condições sócio-econômicas da população regional e sustentabilidade dos recursos da biodiversidade.