Plant extracts have been shown to influence gene expression in various biological systems, exhibiting potential therapeutic potential against multiple diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological conditions. This paper review shows the mechanisms through which plant-derived bioactive compounds modulate gene expression, focusing on the transcriptional regulation, epigenetic modifications, and small, non-coding RNA molecules, which is known as microRNA (miRNA), involvement. In addition, the health-related impacts of plant extracts, particularly their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer properties, and their impact on various signaling pathways that control gene expression were discussed in this paper reviews. Through a deeper understanding of the molecular interactions between plant compounds and genetic material, we explore the future applications of variety of plant extracts as a natural resource in personalized medicine for human health and disease, as well as in crop biotechnology. Ultimately, advancing this field depend on integrative approaches that combine molecular biology, pharmacology, and clinical research to fully realize the therapeutic potential of plant-based compounds.

RAS p21 activator 3 gene is a member of the Ras GAP1 family of GTPase-activating proteins. DNA methylation is the most well-known epigenetic mechanism. Abnormality on RAS proteins which are regulated by RASA3 may play a critical role in Autism. Autism is a complex of neurodevelopmental disorders. Defining the regulators of RASA3 is important to und

Background and Objectives: This investigation was driven by the growing interest in natural cancer therapeutics, which aim to minimize the side effects of chemical treatments and enhance immunity. Thus, this study aimed to assess the impacts of a carrageenan/soy protein mixture on Human Colorectal Tumor Cells (HCT-116) colon cancer cells through pathway regulation and cell death assessment. Methods: This experiment compared the treated HCT (THCT) cells exposed to a carrageenan/soy protein mixture (0.25/0.05 mg/mL) with the untreated control cells (UNT) over the experimental durations of 24, 48, and 72 hours. Results: The treatment triggered sophisticated cell death dynamics, characterized by progressive morphological changes. Viability displayed a fascinating pattern—decreasing to 78.8% at 24 h (p < 0.001) before partially recovering to 86.86% by 72 h (p = 0.018). Death mechanisms showed remarkable temporal organization: early apoptosis appeared exclusively at HCT 24 h (p = 0.0056), late apoptosis peaked early then declined, while necrosis followed a wavelike progression: initially high, dropping at 48 h (p = 0.0183), then dramatically surging by 72 h (p < 0.0001) to become the dominant death mode. Gene expression correlations analysis underwent striking temporal reconfiguration: 24 h showed BAX expression correlating with Bcl-2 and NF-kB (p < 0.01) and a strong association with Notch-1/2 (p < 0.0001); by 48 h, the correlations for BAX had weakened while NF-kB formed negative relationships with Bcl-2 (p < 0.001) and positive ones with Notch-1 and HSE-1 (p < 0.001); at 72 h, Bcl-2/Notch-1 aligned powerfully (p < 0.001) while HSE-1 developed significant negative correlations with most genes, particularly Notch-2 (p < 0.0001) and NF-kB (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The natural carrageenan–soy mixture triggered a three-stage death process in colon cancer cells, with a surprising 72-hour phase where cells looked healthier but were dying. This pattern altered key gene activity, disrupting the cancer cell survival process and offering a promising new approach to target the metabolism of stubborn cancers.

The ever-evolving Omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 and its sub-lineages have prompted Saudi Arabia to continuously track circulating lineages. We focused on the presence of diverse SARS-CoV-2 circulation in Saudi Arabia and presented the whole genome sequencing study of 94 positive SARS-CoV-2 specimens procured between February and April 2022 in the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Following whole-genome sequencing, bioinformatics analysis was undertaken. The SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron clades 21K and 21L constituted the entirety of sequenced specimens, belonging to BA.2 (n = 56) and BA.1.1 (n = 20), respectively, and low-frequency sub-lineages were BA.2.3 (n = 6), BA.1 (n = 4), BA.2.40.1 (n = 2), BA.1.14 (n = 1), BA.2.10 (n = 1), BA2.32 (n = 1), BA.2.57 (n = 1), BA2.64 (n = 1), and BA2.5 (n = 1). Mutational patterns were identified, as well as possible consequences for the spread of the virus. Comparative molecular docking of Omicron-specific Nucleocapsid protein harboring the mutations P13L, R203K, G204R, as well as S413R, and the deletions E31-, R32-, and S33- showed reduced interaction with human RIG-I protein with 8 interacting amino acid residues and 10 polar interactions, while the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid protein exhibited 15 interacting amino acid residues and 26 polar interactions. Ongoing monitoring is essential for assessing the genomic epidemiological consequences of tourist travel and pilgrimage in Jeddah and across Saudi Arabia, as well as the prompt identification of emerging variants for further investigation.

Background: Systemic inflammation contributes to the pathobiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), yet serum biomarker data from Middle Eastern populations remain limited. This study evaluated serum levels of IL-6, IL-16, IL-18, and IL-36 in Saudi adults with MS compared with matched healthy controls and examined associations with disease duration, phenotype, treatment, and disability. Methods: This single-center, cross-sectional, matched case–control study enrolled 26 MS patients and 26 age- and sex-matched controls. Serum cytokines were measured by ELISA. Disability was assessed using EDSS and the Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW). Matched comparisons used Wilcoxon signed-rank tests; subgroup comparisons used Wilcoxon rank-sum or Kruskal–Wallis tests; associations used Spearman’s correlation. Results: No correction for multiple comparisons was applied given the exploratory design. All four interleukins were higher in MS patients than in controls (p < 0.001). Age correlated with EDSS (r = 0.573, p = 0.002) and T25FW (r = 0.464, p = 0.014). Only IL-6 showed a notable correlation with disability, with T25FW (r = 0.53, p = 0.008) and, weaker, EDSS (r = 0.38, p = 0.052); IL-18 showed a weak, non-significant correlation with T25FW (r = 0.35, p = 0.126); IL-16 and IL-36 showed no relevant associations. IL-16 was higher in newly diagnosed than in long-standing cases (p = 0.012); no differences by phenotype or treatment were observed for any marker. Conclusions: Serum IL-6, IL-16, IL-18, and IL-36 were elevated in Saudi MS patients versus controls. IL-6 alone showed a modest, unadjusted association with disability, supporting its evaluation as a candidate biomarker in larger, longitudinal, covariate-adjusted cohorts. These findings are hypothesis-generating and should not be interpreted as evidence of independent or clinically actionable biomarker utility.

Diatoms are the largest group of heterokont algae with more than 100,000 species. They are photosynthetic, unicellular eukaryotes that contribute ~ 45% of global primary production and inhabit marine, aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Despite their ubiquity and environmental significance very few diatom plastid genomes (plastomes) have been sequenced and studied. This study explored the pattern of diatom plastid nucleotide substitution rates across the entire suite of plastome protein-coding genes for 40 taxa representing the major clades. Substitution rate acceleration was lineage specific with the highest rates in the araphid 2 taxon Astrosyne radiata and radial 2 taxon Proboscia sp. Rate heterogeneity was also evident in different functional classes of genes. Similar to land plants, proteins genes involved in photosynthetic metabolism have substantially lower rates than those involved in transcription and translation. Significant positive correlations were identified between rates and measures of genomic rearrangement, but not plastome size. This work advances the current understanding of diatom plastomes and provides a foundation for future studies of their evolution.